INTERNATIONAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY: APPLIED BUSINESS AND EDUCATION RESEARCH Research Culture of Public Schools in Tagbilaran City, Bohol

DepEd strives to promote and strengthen the culture of research in basic education. Along with this goal, this study aimed to determine the research culture and to recognize the extent of influence of the factors on research culture of public schools in Tagbilaran City, Bohol. It employed a quantitative descriptive research de-sign with a survey questionnaire as the main instrument to gather the data needed in the study. Two instruments were utilized and modified in this study adapted from The Factors Influencing the Research Culture by Iqbal and colleagues and the Research Culture and Productivity of the Faculty of Accredited Private Higher Education Institutions by Tagaro. These were administered to 254 public school teachers as respondents from 25 public schools in DepEd Tagbilaran City Schools Division. Findings revealed a moderate influence on the extent of influence of the factors on research culture of Tagbilaran City public schools. Among the factors, Environmental Factor had a greater influence whereas Personal Factor had a lesser influence on the research culture. There was no significant relationship between the teachers’ selected profile and the extent of influence on research culture however sex, designation, and highest educational attainment affect the research productivity level. Moreover, data showed that there was no correlation between the extent of influence of the factors on research culture and research productivity level of the teachers.


Introduction
Research culture is a system that places a high value on conducting and communicating scholarly research as stated by Marchant (2009). According to Cheetham (2007), it is the structure that gives meaning to research behavior, and that allows us to understand and IJMABER 1827 Volume 3 | Number 9 | September | 2022 evaluate the research activity. Thus, the research culture of an institution is not just a group of scholars who see the importance of research, it offers a welcoming atmosphere in which work is planned, addressed, created, and respected in a uniform way. Moreover, research culture is described as shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and standards that affect the performance of an institution's research tasks (Dacles,2016). It is being acknowledged that having a research culture is of increasing importance. Faculties of major research institutions were expected to maintain scholarly activities, including conducting research and publishing scholarly works. But recently, they have been put under pressure to research and publish. Today, that pressure is continuing. Institutions and units that have historically stressed successful faculty communication with students as criteria for performance aim to establish learning cultures and increase the production of research at the faculty (Hanover Research, 2014).
The productivity of research is the result of research activities (Caminiti, C., Iezzi, E., Ghetti, C. et al., 2015). According to Ulla et al. (2017), teachers are to conduct a school-based action study as part of their performance evaluation by the Department of Education and the Commission on Higher Education. However, in recent studies, it has been found out that teachers have trouble performing action research (Tindowel et al., 2019).
The development of valuable professional knowledge is central to positive research culture in schools (Ebbutt,2002). Embracing the research culture, particularly the education sectors, is only timely. Teacher-researchers must strive to contribute to the information field by generating new ideas and does not only apply research for enforcement specified in De-pEd's Individual Performance Commitment and Review Form (IPCRF). Researchers need to cultivate a growth mindset to promote continuous development, and particularly to improve the academic and behavioral performance of the students, which is a measure of the success of the school. These also ensure that the education that the students receive is learner-oriented and attentive to their needs through ap-propriate teaching and learning tools. Therefore, everyone in the education sector, teachers, non-teaching personnel, school administrators, and DepEd officials will work together and research to achieve the Department of Education's goal. (Sun.Star Baguio,2016).
The following theories explain why this research study exists. Education Research Acculturation Theory (Chua et al.,2011), refers to the development of culture and environment for promoting the implementation of quality research in school. Research activities improve the expertise of teachers and help them overcome the teaching-learning methods and challenges in the classroom. It takes this effort to acculturate until teachers can deliver quality educational research. Dynamics of Research Culture Theory (Acosta & Clemeña,2007), found that research productivity is the outcome of the complicated relationship between the following research building factors: first, the individual attributes representing the faculty's ability to perform a study, and second, the institutional attributes comprising the institution's support for encouraging the faculty to conduct the work and Theory on Curriculum Development and Research (Corey, 1953), Action research in education is work that professionals conduct so that they can develop their practices.
As stated by Dacles et al. (2016), it is essential to ask: Have schools imbibed and developed a research culture? How does institutional research policy support the development of research culture among its faculty members in public schools? How do faculty researchers perceive other equally important personal and organizational variables as beneficial and contributory to the institution's creation of a research culture? And how are the factors of research culture significant among its faculty members? Specifically, it intends to answer the following questions: What is the extent of influence of the factors on research culture? What is the research productivity level of public school teachers? Is there a significant degree of relationship between the teachers' profile and the ff.: extent of influence of the factors on research culture and research productivity level? Is there a significant degree of correlation between the extent of influence of the factors on IJMABER 1828 Volume 3 | Number 9 | September | 2022 the research culture and the research productivity level? Is there a significant degree of variance on the extent of influence of the factors on research culture to the different factors?
In this context, this study aims to determine the research culture and to recognize the extent of influence of the factors on research culture of public schools in Tagbilaran City, Bohol that will serve as a basis for proposing an action plan.

Methods
To achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher used a quantitative research design, specifically the descriptive survey design. Two instruments were utilized in this study adapted and modified from The Factors Influencing the Research Culture by Iqbal and colleagues, and the Research Culture and Productivity of the Faculty of Accredited Private Higher Education Institutions by Tagaro. These were administered to the public school teachers of Tagbilaran City, Bohol.
This study utilized a random sampling technique as its sampling procedure since it is impossible to study an entire population of all public school teachers of the Tagbilaran City Division. This sampling technique acquires only a representative of the population to be the respondents of this study. Thus, with the use of a sampling size calculator, the entire population of the public school teachers in Tagbilaran was calculated with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. So, out of 316 elementary teachers of 18 public elementary schools, only 174 elementary teachers were selected, and out of 207 secondary teachers of 7 public secondary schools, only 135 secondary teachers were chosen. Accordingly, newly-hired public school teachers or teachers with less than three years' experience were excluded. In total, 309 public school teachers in Tagbilaran City would participate in the conduct of this study. However, in the actual conduct of the study, only 254 public school teachers participated.
To ensure the participants' protection of this study, the research study underwent an ethics review by the University of Bohol Ethics Review Committee. After this, the researcher asked permission in the form of a letter from the Dean of the Graduate School, Vice President of the Academics, and the Schools Division Superintendent of Tagbilaran City to conduct the study.
After getting permission, the researcher explained the purpose of the study to the respondents to obtain their consent. The questionnaires were distributed upon signing the informed consent form. Next, the questionnaires were retrieved, and the data collected were processed accordingly to answer the main and sub-problems of this study. The coded data entries were to protect the respondents' anonymity.
The researcher followed the ethical guidelines for the whole duration of the research period to conduct the research appropriately. After the administrative procedure for the approval of conduct, the researcher secured the respondents' consent form to participate in the study. There was an assurance of the privacy and confidentiality of data collected.
Tests for normality on the dependent variables was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnova and Shapiro-Wilk Test. The results show a value lesser than 0.05, which signifies a skewed distribution which means that the variables are not normally distributed. Thus, statistical treatment utilized a non-parametric test. In the analysis and presentation of data, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences or SPSS software was utilized with the following statistical treatment: Frequency, Simple Percentage, Rank, Weighted Mean, Composite Mean, Chi-Square, Spearman Rho, and Friedman Test.

Results and Discussions
Data collected from a survey conducted to 25 public schools with 254 public school teachers as the respondents were analyzed and interpreted. These were in accordance to the various aspects of the problem in the study.
Profile of the Respondents. Length of Service. A mean of 12.08 is generated. Majority of the teachers are 1-10 years in the service and only a few of them are 31 years and above in the service.
Highest Educational Attainment. One hundred fifty-six teachers have Master's degree units with a percentage of 61.4; 43 teachers have Bachelor's degree with a percentage of 16.9; 25 teachers have Master's degree with a percentage of 9.8; 16 teachers have a Doctorate degree with a percentage of 6.3 while 14 teachers have Doctorate degree units with a percentage of 5.5. Majority of the teachers have Master's degree units and only a few of them have Doctorate degree units. Data above support an article of Chowdhury (2017) on Developing Research Culture that younger researchers' think tanks are more efficient.
Number of Research Trainings Attended. The table below presents the number of research trainings attended by the teachers categorized by school, division, regional, national and international levels.
Majority    Data exhibits an overall composite mean of 2.9064 interpreted as Moderate Influence with Environmental Factor having a greater influence and Personal Factor having a lesser influence among the other factors.
This affirms the theory on Education Research Acculturation to which an environment that encourages teacher cooperation and encouragement from school managers for educational research creates a big impact on the research culture of a school while issues result from a lack of resources such as reference sources. Furthermore, it supports the Education Research Acculturation Theory which states that a school emphasizing on research activities, including departmental support, trainings, and securing financial support for research activities promote the research culture of a school. These also confirm that a researcher is affected by the institutional support provided such as prizes and recognition based on the Theory on Dynamics of Research Culture. head being supportive to research projects and research activities of teachers is perceived by the respondents as more influential while resources and facilities to collaborate and access local and international researchers available in the school is least influential.  Data gives a composite mean of the sub-factors of 2.8069 interpreted as Moderate Influence. Family personal factor is perceived to be of greater influence whereas Career personal factor is of least influence.
Research Productivity Level of Public School Teachers. The tables below show the research productivity level of public school teachers in Tagbilaran City as to their roles in research, number of research produced, number of research published in refereed journals, research presented, and research published.   The table below represents the research productivity level of public school teachers as to the local, regional, national, and international research presented.  The results gather that the teachers are not productive as to their roles in research, number of research produced, number of research published in refereed journals, research presented and published.
The findings above support a related study of Ramos (2017), it reported that in 2010-2014 only two of ten produced researches in their school, 90 percent of teachers were not skilled in research. Despite numerous attendances to capacity-building research-related programs, membership to professional organizations, and other professional development participation, teachers tend to be reluctant in documenting and reporting their academic efforts through a research paper like action researches. For instance, DepEd revealed during the 2018 Research Management Conference that there was an increased number of researches, but is still considered few in terms of the number of research proposals with respect to their population size, from 458 to 551 or 20.31 percent markup between 2016 and 2017, and a dip of 11.62 percent in 2017.

Summary on the Relationship Between the Teachers' Selected Profile and the Extent of Influence of the Factors on Research
Culture. The table below presents the summary on the relationship between the teachers' selected profile and the extent of influence of the factors on research culture. Data presents the p-value of the variables greater than the significance level of 0.05. Thus, there is an insignificant degree of relationship between the teachers' selected profile and the extent of influence on research culture hence, it failed to reject the null hypothesis which means that the teachers' selected profile does not affect the extent of influence of the factors on research culture of public schools in Tagbilaran City.  IJMABER 1839 Volume 3 | Number 9 | September | 2022

Summary on the Relationship between the Teachers' Selected Profile and Research
Productivity Level. The table below presents the summary on the relationship between the teachers' selected profile and research productivity level. Data indicates that the sex, designation and highest educational attainment profile of the teachers have a p-value lesser than the significance level of 0.05 resulting to a significant degree of relationship to the research productivity level which leads to the decision of rejecting the null hypothesis whereas age, civil status, and length of service have a p-value greater than the significance level of 0.05 resulting to an insignificant degree of relationship to the research productivity level which leads to the decision as failed to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, it implies that sex, designation, and highest educational attainment affect the research productivity level of the teachers while age, civil status, and length of service do not affect the research productivity level of the teachers.
It contradicts the statement on Faculty Research Productivity: Exploring the Role of Gender and Family-Related Factors (Sax et al., 2002) as to sex which indicated that factors affecting faculty research productivity are nearly identical for men and women, and family-related variables, such as having dependent children, exhibit little or no effects on research productivity however supports the statements on the Predictors of Teacher Educators' Research Productivity by Nasser-Abu Alhija et al., (2017), it examined the relationship between teacher educators' research productivity (RP) and their background and professional characteristics, attitudes, motives, obstacles and time devoted to research. The findings indicated the significance of five variables for predicting Research Productivity: academic degree, rank, administrative position, desire to develop new knowledge and learn from research findings and perceived insufficient research competence and self-confidence.

Summary on the Correlation between the Extent of Influence of the Factors on Research Culture and Research Productivity
Level. The table summarizes the correlation between the extent of influence of the factors on research culture and research productivity level using Spearman's correlation. Data reveals that the p-value of the variables are greater than 0.05 level of significance. It means that there is no significant correlation between the extent of influence of the factors on research culture and research productivity level. Therefore, it failed to reject the null hypothesis which means that there is no association between the extent of influence of the factors on research culture and research productivity level of the teachers.
Analysis of Variance Among the Factors on the Extent of Influence on Research Culture. The table below constitutes the result on the analysis of variance among the factors on the extent of influence on research culture using the Friedman Test. As reflected in the table, data computed a pvalue of .000 which is lesser than the significant level of 0.05 resulting to a significant difference among the factors on the extent of influence on research culture. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected which means the extent of influence of the factors on research culture varies significantly from one another.

Conclusion
The following conclusions are drawn from the findings mentioned above: Profile of the Teachers. Majority of the teachers are female, married and in their thirties. The teachers involved in this study are young, experienced and are capable to handle research however involvement in refining these research skills are non-existent.
Extent of Influence on the Research Culture of the Factors. There is a Moderate Influence among the factors and Environmental Factor has a greater influence on research culture which means that there are still measures taken to intensify research in schools.
Research Productivity Level of the Teachers. The teachers are not productive as to: their roles in action research, thesis/ dissertation, and funded research projects; number of research produced; number of research published in refereed journals; research presented and published.

Degree of Relationship Between the Teachers' Selected Profile and Extent of Influence of the Factors on Research Culture.
There is no significant relationship between the teachers' selected profile and the extent of influence of the factors on research culture so the teachers' selected profile does not affect the extent of influence of the factors on research culture.

Degree of Relationship Between the Teachers' Selected Profile and Research
Productivity Level. There is a significant degree of relationship between sex, designation, and highest educational attainment to the research productivity level while there is no significant degree of relationship between age, civil status, and length of service to the research productivity level. It signifies that sex, designation, and highest educational attainment affect the research productivity level while age, civil status, and length of service do not affect the research productivity level of the teachers.

Degree of Correlation Between the Extent of Influence of the Factors on Research Culture and Research Productivity Level.
There is no significant degree of correlation between both variables. The extent of influence of the factors on research culture is not correlated to the research productivity level of the teachers. This is due to the great number of IJMABER 1841 Volume 3 | Number 9 | September | 2022 respondents with no research productivity and the level of research platforms assessed that are beyond public school teachers' research capacity.

Degree of Variance on the Extent of Influence on Research Culture of the Factors.
The extent of influence of the factors on research culture varies significantly from one another.

Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions, the following measures are recommended: Information dissemination of the findings to DepEd Tagbilaran; Implementation of the proposed action plan; DepEd should continue to promote open discussion and continuous learning experiences for education leaders, researchers, policy-makers, and educators in the basic education sector such as research trainings and workshops; DepEd should strengthen local implementation of programs and policies on building a research culture in public schools in particular: resources and facilities, research incentives and teaching load allocations; DepEd should raise awareness on the Research Management Guidelines and Basic Education Research Agenda to provide guidance to teacherresearchers in managing research initiatives in the national, regional, schools division, and school levels; Teachers should pursue advance studies to enhance their research knowledge and skills; and Future researchers may investigate other inhibiting factors not covered in the study that may build the research culture of public schools.