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Abstract
Sustainability is regarded as a critical goal in tourism planning and development. Boracay Island has faced challenges and deterioration as a result of rapid growth in tourism without proper planning and management, leading to its six-month temporary closure on May 8, 2018. Through qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, this paper aims to investigate the sustainable tourism development of Boracay Island, Malay, Aklan. Yin's data analysis and procedures were used to create a single case study design. Data was gathered and analyzed using interviews, observations, and data reviews. The study included twenty (20) key informants who were chosen at random. The study's conclusive report yields benefits and costs in three areas: first, economic characteristics of tourism benefit communities and improve the island's economy. However, the island's high cost of living rises, causing inflation. Second, in terms of the environment, its natural resources have been harmed in part by members of the local immigrant and business populations, but they will recover as a result of the recent national and local government efforts to restore the island's ecology. Third, in terms of social structure, improved infrastructure such as good housing and roads create better living conditions for residents. Nonetheless, tourists' influence on the social culture of Boracay Island's young residents is enthralling. The study's output is a theory on sustainable tourism development that will help future research on similar topics and improve the socio-economic quality of life.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Maming, J. B., Delantar, A. F. F., & Gabuya, P. G. (2021). Sustainable Tourism Development in Boracay Island, Malay, Aklan. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(8), 699-711. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.02.08.08
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Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews. An introduction to qual-itative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Letter of Instructions No. 1298, se-ries of 1983. LGU – Malay. http://malay.gov.ph/index.php
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Merriam, S. B. (Ed.). (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
________________. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
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Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementa-tion for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13 (4), 544-559. Retrieved from: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol13/iss4/2
Briedenhann, J. (2007). The role of the public sector in rural tourism: Respondents’ views, Current Issues in Tourism, Vol. 10 (6), pp. 584-607.
Bohulano, N. (2012). Tourism in Boracay Island: Development stages and outcomes. Un-published dissertation, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.
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Bramwell, B. (2002). Mass tourism, diversification, and sustainability in Southern Europe’s coastal regions. In B. Bramwell (Ed), Coastal mass tourism: diversification and sustainable de-velopment in Southern Europe, pp. 1-31, Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Butler, R. W. (1980). The Concept of a Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution: Implications for Manage-ment of Resources. Canadian Geographer, 24, 5 –16.
Carter, R. (2004). Implications of Sporadic Tourism Growth: Extrapolation from the case of Bora-cay Island, the Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. Vol. 9. 10.1080/1094166042000311264.
Chili, Nsizwazikhona & Xulu, Ntobeko. (2015). The role of local government to facilitate and spearhead sustainable tourism development. Problems and Perspectives in Management. Volume 13. 27-31.
Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
____________. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd. Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
____________. (2012). Educational research, planning, conducting,a nd evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.) (2012). USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
____________. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
____________. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative in-quiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Darburry, R. (Ed.). (2018). Research methods for tourism students, New York: Routledge.
DENR (2008) Borocay Environmental Master Plan (BEMP). Department of Environment and Nat-ural Resources, Philippines: DENR.
DENR-ERDB. (Jan. – June 2018). Saving Boracay. Canopy International. Vol. 44, No. 1.
DENR - EMB. (2014). Water quality monitoring re-port Boracay island coastal water. DENR – EMB Region 6.
DILG (2018). Año to LGU in Boracay: Cooperate with the investigation being conducted by DILG. Ac-cessed February 15, 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.dilg.gov.ph/news/Ao-to-LGU-in-Boracay-Cooperate-with-the-investigation-being-conducted-by-DILG/NC-2018-1029
DOT (2008a). Boracay Island Comprehensive Land Use Planning (CLUP): Volume I Department of Tourism, Philippines: Boracay Island.
DOT (2008b) Boracay Island Comprehensive Land Use Planning (CLUP): Volume II Department of Tourism, Philippines: Boracay Island.
DOT – VI Report (Mar. 23, 2018). Oplan save Bora-cay. Department of Tourism Region VI.
Emerson, R., Fretz, R., & Shaw, L. (1995). Writ-ing ethnographic fieldnotes. Chicago: Universi-ty of Chicago Press.
Esterberg, K. (2002). Qualitative methods in social research. McGraw Hill, Boston.
Executive Order No. 377, series of 2004.
Executive Order No. 706, series of 2008.
Executive Oder No. 53, series of 2018.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Case study. In Norman K. Den-zin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage hand-book of qualitative research (4th ed., pp.301-316). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gabuya, P. G. (1993). Project development and man-agement manual, Cebu City: DILG Regional Of-fice No. VII.
Gatchalian, W. (2018). Creation of Boracay Island development authority proposed. Accessed February 15, 2020. Retrieved from: http://wingatchalian.com/news/creation-of-boracay-island-develop-authority-proposed/
Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Re-search. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Hall, C.M. (2000). Tourism planning: Policies, pro-cesses, and relationships, Harlow: Prentice-Hall.
Hammersley, M. (2013). The myth of research-based policy and practice, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
International Council for Local Environmental Ini-tiatives (ICLEI). Jayawardena, C. (2003). Sus-tainable tourism development in Canada: Practical challenges, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol-ume 15 (7), pp. 408-412.
Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews. An introduction to qual-itative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Letter of Instructions No. 1298, se-ries of 1983. LGU – Malay. http://malay.gov.ph/index.php
Limates, V.G. (2013). Coastal water dynamic in rela-tion to the governance of mangrove swamps in Boracay Island, Malay, Aklan, Philippines. Un-published dissertation, University of the Phil-ippines Los Baños, Philippines.
Maguigad, V., D. King, & A. Cottrell. (2015). Political Ecology, Island Tourism Planning, and Climate Change Adaptation on Boracay, Philippines, Urban Island Studies, 1. Accessed January 2, 2020. Retrieved from: http://www.urbanislandstudies.org/
Mckercher, B. (2003). Testing a cultural tourism typology, International Journal of Tourism Re-search, Volume 5 (1), pp. 45-58
Merriam, S. B. (Ed.). (2002). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
________________. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
NEDA. (2017) Philippine development plan 2017 – 2022 abridged version. Philippines: Pasig City.
_______. (2018). Medium-Term Boracay Action Plan. National Economic Development Authority, Region 6 Western Visayas, Fort San Pedro Drive, Iloilo City.
_______. (2019) Inter-agency Task Force Adopts Bora-cay Action Plan. Retrieved February 27, 2020. Available: http://www.neda.gov.ph/inter-agency-task-force-adopts-boracay-action-plan/
_______. (June 2019). Medium Term Boracay Action Plan 2018 – 2022. National Economic Devel-opment Office, Philippines: Pasig City.
Nowell, J.M. et al. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striv-ing to Meet the Trustworthiness. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, Vol. 16, No. 1-13. Retrieved January 3, 2020. Available: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1609406917733847
Ong, Lei & Storey, Donovan & Minnery, John. (2011). Beyond the Beach: Balancing Environ-mental and Socio-cultural Sustainability in Bo-racay, the Philippines. Tourism Geographies. 13. 549-569. 10.1080/14616688.2011.590517.
Orolfo, A. O. (2019). Boracay rehabilitation updates. National Task Force Boracay, Boracay Opera-tion Center, Casa Pilar, Boracay Island, Malay, Aklan.
PAPI. (Dec. 2019). Travel, tourism is PH largest sector in 2018 In The Publisher.
Palafox, P.A. (Mar. 2018). Boracay: Towards an en-vironment-friendly and sustainable tourism. The Manila Times. Accessed January 12, 1976. Retrieved from: https://www.manilatimes.net/2018/03/15/opinion/analysis/boracay-towards-an-environment-friendly-and-sustainable-tourism/386331/386331/
Palafox and Associates. (June 2018) Malay master plan for tourism. 5/F PCCI Corporate Center, 118 L.P. Leviste St., Salcedo Village, Makati City 1227.
Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. London, England: Sage.
_____________. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and re-search methods (pp. 169-186). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Philippine Information Agency - Sargen. (Oct. 2018) The ease of doing business under RA 11032. Accessed Feb. 1, 2020. Retrieved from: https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1013993
Philippine Statistics Authority. (June 4, 2016). The population of Region VI - Western Visayas based on the 2015 census of population. Ac-cessed September 1, 2019. Retrieved from: https://psa.gov.ph/population-and hous-ing/title/Population%20of%20Region%20VI%20-%20Western%20Visayas%20%28Based%20on%20the%202015%20Census%20of%20Population%29
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2018) Contribution of tourism to the Philippine economy is 12.7 percent in 2018, Retrieved December 1, 2019. Available: https://psa.gov.ph/content/contribution-tourism-philippine-economy-127-percent-2018
Presidential Decree No. 705, series of 1975.
Proclamation No. 1801, series of 1978.
Proclamation No. 1064, series of 2006.
PROS. (Mar. 1990). Boracay Island master develop-ment plan final report. Boracay Island Inter-Agency Development Project Team – Depart-ment of Tourism.
Rajasekar, S., Philominathan, P., & Chinnathambi, V. (2014). Research Methodology. Accessed Oc-tober 1, 2019. Retrieved from http://arxiv. org/pdf/physics/0601009. pdf.
Simons, H. (2009). Case study research in practice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
____________. (2006). Multiple case study analysis. New York, NY: Guilford.
Tahiri, A. and Kovaci, I. (2017) The theory of sus-tainable tourism development, Academic Journal of Business, Vol 3., No. 1.
Takashi, T. et. al. (Jul. 2011). Tourism development in Boracay Island and its impacts on the local communities. Retrieved Dec. 1, 2019. Availa-ble: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jokim_Kitolelei/publication/279861756_Tourism_Develop-ment_in_Boracay_Island_and_its_Impacts_on_the_Local_Communities/links/559cab9608ae7f3eb4d033cc/Tourism-Development-in-Boracay-Island-and-its-Impacts-on-the-Local-Communities.pdf
Treharne, G. & Riggs, D. (2015). Ensuring Quality in Qualitative Research. 10.1007/978-1-137-29105-9_5.
Trochim, W. M., Donnelly, J. P., & Arora, K. (2016). Research methods: The essential knowledge base. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Trousdale, W.J. (1998). Governance in context Bora-cay Island, Philippines. Eco Plan International. Canada: Vancouver.
Tyndal House Foundation (1996-2013). In John 3:16, Holy Bible, The New Living Translation. Accessed February 1, 2010. Retrieved from: https://www.biblestudytools.com/nlt/john/3.html
Varga, P. and A. Terrier (2020). Is there a solution to overtourism: Lessons from Boracay Island, the Philippines. Ecole Hotelier de Lausanne, Uni-versity of Applied Science, Switzerland. Re-trieved January 2, 2020. Accessed: https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/overtourism-borocay-island-philippines
Vine, W.E. (1966). An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words: With Their Precise Meanings for English Reader. Revel Publications, USA.
Visitacion, M.R. et.al. (Nov. 2019). Detection of algal bloom in the coastal waters of Boracay, Phil-ippines using normalized difference vegeta-tion index (NDVI) and floating algae index (FAI). The International Archives of the Photo-grammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Infor-mation Sciences, Volume XLII-4 / W19, 2019 PhilGEOS x GeoAdvances 2019, Manila, Philip-pines
Wa-Mbaleka, S. (2019). Research guide for K-12 educators: The practical way, Cavite, Philip-pines, Oikos Biblios Publishing House.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
__________. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods. Los Angeles, CA:Sage.
Zabal, B. R. B. (2009). Sex workers also coming in droves to Boracay, Manila Bulletin, 15 March. Accessed January 10, 2020. Available at http://www.mb.com.ph/node/199042
Tiglao, G. (Oct. 2018). Duterte’s saving of Boracay: A triumph of political will. Accessed January 5, 2020. Retrieved from: https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/10/17/dutertes-saving-of-boracay-a-triumph-of-political-will/