International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research
Name: International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research E-ISSN: 2774-5368 DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber Period: Monthly (Since 2021) Indexing and Abstracting: Google Scholar, Crossref, Dimensions, ROAD, Scilit, Garuda, ICI Copernicus, ScienceGate, ISI Indexing, Semantic Scholar, EBSCO and others in progress Partnered with: ReviewerCredits and Publons Publication Guidelines: COPE Guidelines Publisher: Future Science, Malang, Indonesia / FSH-PH Publications, Subic, Zambales, Philippines Founded: 2020 Article Processing Charges 60 USD / Papers. The International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research is peer-reviewed on a monthly basis and publishes full-length papers with a fast review process. It is to enhance the dissemination of knowledge across the multidisciplinary community. We are particularly interested in papers relevant to all disciplines. The editorial board has kept receiving articles that address all areas. Topics: Arts, Business, Economics, and Management; Current Events and Controversial Issues; Education and Social Work; Health Sciences; Humanities; Natural and Physical Sciences; Social Sciences; and Other Relevant Multidisciplinary.
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Inclusion of Elevation for Backfilling for Building Permit in Contribution to Flood Control in Swamp, Puguis, La Trinidad Benguet
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Backfilling, Flood Risks, Flood Control, Elevation, Building Permits The study conducted in Swamp, Puguis, La Trinidad, Benguet, evaluated the inclusion of elevation and backfilling requirements in building permits as a flood control measure, revealing strong awareness and positive perceptions among respondents regarding their impact on flood risk reduction. Surveying 41 participants including geodetic engineers, iv government officials, and residents the research found that elevated structures significantly influence natural drainage and surface water flow, with respondents rating their understanding as high. There was overwhelming agreement that backfilling activities that do not comply with proper elevation standards escalate local flood risks, emphasizing the crucial role of geodetic engineers in conducting precise surveys, verifying compliance, and informing policies. Awareness of geodetic engineers’ contributions to flood control was notably strong, and respondents recognized the importance of including elevation certificates in building permits as essential for accurate flood risk assessments and alignment with flood hazard maps. Although the integration of elevation data in permitting processes is seen as largely implemented and valuable for reducing vulnerability to floods, enforcement remains inconsistent, and public education about its benefits requires enhancement. These findings highlight the pressing need for local governments to strengthen technical guidelines, monitoring, and stakeholder engagement to effectively incorporate elevation standards into building permits, promoting sustainable development and fortified flood resilience in flood-prone swamp v areas, with potential applicability to similar urban and rural settings across the Philippines and the broader Asia-Pacific region.
Backfilling, Flood Risks, Flood Control, Elevation, Building Permits
Copyright (c) 2026 Frankline Bon G. Bahay, Christian Llyod P. Ulbano, Chid Rick C. Cachero, Hudster L. Dati, Faith Tigan, Charlie M. Felix, Criselda S. Felix https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects of Structured Outdoor Learning on Students’ Attitudes in Environmental Science
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Outdoor education, outdoor activities, outdoor learning, Environmental Science This study examined students’ learning attitudes before and after the integration of structured outdoor activities into Environmental Science instruction. A quasi-experimental research design was used to assess changes across seven dimensions of attitudes toward outdoor learning: Environmental Interaction, Integration, Student Cohesiveness, Teacher Supportiveness, Open-Endedness, Preparation and Organization, and Material Environment. Mean scores increased across all categories after the intervention, with several dimensions shifting from Neutral to Agree. A paired-samples t test revealed a significant difference between students’ pretest and posttest attitude scores toward outdoor learning. The computed t value of −7.65 at the 0.05 significance level supports the effectiveness of integrating structured outdoor learning. Notable improvements were observed in student cohesiveness and open-endedness, indicating enhanced collaboration, engagement, and learner autonomy. Expert evaluation also rated the developed outdoor activities highly in terms of objectives, content alignment, clarity, and cognitive rigor. Overall, the findings provide empirical support for structured outdoor learning as an effective pedagogical strategy in Environmental Science education.
Outdoor education, outdoor activities, outdoor learning, Environmental Science
Copyright (c) 2026 Katrina Ann Bautista – Espinola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tindig! Lesson Planning Challenges and Coping Strategies of Pre-service Teachers in a State University
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Lesson Planning, pre service teachers, coping strategies "Tindig" is a Filipino word that means "to rise" for pre – service teachers to be full fledge teacher in the future and a word that fits to capture their resilience, capability, and strength in overcoming challenges in order to be where they want to be. This study focuses on knowing what are the challenges that pre – service teachers are experiencing in making their lesson plan and their strategies in coping with the challenges in lesson planning. The researchers gathered data through a form of semi structured interview among BSED students. The results of the interview showed the difficulties that pre – service teachers experiences, that affects the quality of a lesson plan. These includes time famine, resource bottlenecking, cognitive overload, and spatial precarity. Nonetheless despite these challenges, the pre – service teachers showed resilience and were able to develop their tactics in addressing these challenges through coping strategies such as prioritizing essential task, allocating focused time intervals, practicing lesson plan deliberation and using applications, and seeking assistance and support from artificial intelligence.
Lesson Planning, pre service teachers, coping strategies
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrew A. Esteban, Eric DS. Ebro, Jericho A. Esguerra, Anna Mae M. Novicio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predatory Lending and Financial Vulnerability: A Bibliometric Review of Global Research Trends
Section: Articles Categories: Business Keywords: Digital Lending Apps, Financial Vulnerability, Loan Sharking, Payday Loans, Predatory Lending Lending institutions play an important role in helping people fulfill their financial requirements, handle unexpected situations, and support their personal needs or business operations. When done fairly, lending institutions provide access to funds that people may not currently have, helping them improve their financial security and opening new opportunities. However, lending becomes risky when it deviates from fair practices and results in predatory lending. The global problem of predatory lending continues to affect many borrowers as they become trapped in extended debt obligations due to deceptive loan conditions. This study examines how academic studies on predatory lending and financial vulnerability have evolved across different nations and academic disciplines. The Scopus database provided data for Bibliometrix (R) and VOSviewer to perform bibliometric analysis, which produced publication patterns, author rankings, and research subject areas covering all available studies from 1963 to 2025. Research on digital lending, poverty, and financial vulnerability in developing nations has emerged as a new area of study, where most existing studies focus on the United States housing market and subprime lending sector. The research indicates that scholars now link multiple fields of study to examine predatory lending as it requires knowledge from economics, law, and social sciences. The review highlights the increasing academic interest in responsible lending practices, which demand fair financial systems for vulnerable populations who use digital loans and low-income individuals. This study suggests helping improve the protection low-income borrowers and digital loan users in developing countries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angel Jade V. Frialde, Evette Jillian R. Maiquez, Sheena S.P Ramos, Jennifer P. Solis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Child Development Workers (CDWs)' Challenges and Experiences on Supplementary Feeding Program (SFP) in the Child Development Centers (CDCs) of Vintar, Ilocos Norte
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work, Social Sciences Keywords: Child development workers, Health, nutrition, and safety for children, Supplementary feeding program Despite recognizing the importance of the SFP in addressing early childhood malnutrition, limited literature has been documented on the lived challenges and experiences of Child Development Workers (CDWs) especially in rural child development centers (CDCs). This paper aims to explore the challenges and experiences faced by CDWs when carrying out SFP within the CDCs of Vintar, Ilocos Norte. A qualitative-descriptive approach was used wherein 42 respondents comprising CDWs from five zones of the municipality were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide via focus group discussions (FGDs). The qualitative data obtained was then subjected to thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke. Results reveal that the challenges and experiences can be described under two major categories: (1) implementation challenges and (2) implementation experiences. The first category includes health management issues, resource issues, and operational issues while the second category highlights healthy experiences in terms of health and nutrition management, process and procedure in program delivery, and beneficial program outcomes. It is concluded that CDWs play a vital frontline role which involves not only food but also health supervision, cooperation and planning. Effective coordination between barangays and LGUs, proper guidance in the execution of procedures, flexible budget, and strong community participation are key to sustaining the program.
Health, nutrition, and safety for children
Copyright (c) 2026 Kyle Vincent M. Gaoiran, Jeremy Adrian D. Guiang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tax Fairness and Tax Morality as Perceived by Private Higher Education Institution Instructors in Tagum City
Section: Articles Categories: Business Keywords: Tax fairness, Tax morality, Tax compliance, Theory on planned behavior, Tagum City, Davao del Norte This study investigated the relationship between tax fairness and tax morality among private higher education institution instructors in Tagum City, and sought to fill the gaps in the existing literature. The study also identified the indicators of tax fairness that had the greatest influence on the tax morale of the respondents. The adapted and modified questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability before being used to collect data from 220 private HEI instructors across 8 colleges in the city. This study, using a quantitative correlational research design, employed the following statistical tools: mean, Pearson-r, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study revealed that tax fairness and tax morality are significantly related with an r-value of 0.621 and a p-value of 0.001. The general fairness, vertical fairness, and administrative fairness, 3 of 5 indicators of tax fairness, were also found to influence tax morale significantly. Through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the results suggest that an individual's perception of taxes plays a crucial role in promoting voluntary compliance with the fiscal framework. As the perception of tax fairness increases, instructors' tax morale also increases. Thus, the government should prioritize transparency and efficiency within tax authorities and across their operations to boost voluntary tax compliance among private HEI instructors. It is also recommended that tax authorities improve the tax system by simplifying the filing process, enhancing transparency in revenue allocation, and refining the apportionment of the tax burden among taxpayers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mary Cris L. Luzada, Andre M. Alesna, Cris Lyka V. Caresosa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived Influence of Instructional Delivery, Classroom Management Training, and Mentoring on Pre-Service Teachers’ Professional Preparedness
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: instructional practices, teacher education, teaching internship, professional readiness, teacher preparation, pre-service teachers Teachers’ influence on students is inevitable and enduring. Preservice teachers look up to their teachers as models and coaches at the same time. More often, PSTs’ work ethic, styles, and even behaviors are largely influenced by teachers, and they extend them until their first venture into teaching. This study focuses on the factors that contribute to the professional readiness of pre-service teachers, particularly instructional delivery, mentoring, and classroom management preparation. Conducted among fourth-year Bachelor of Secondary Education students at Bulacan State University College of Professional Teacher Education, the research employed a quantitative descriptive-comparative approach using survey questionnaires. The investigation was grounded on the idea that teacher education programs significantly shape the competence and preparedness of future educators, although limited studies have examined these factors within the context of the institution. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize and interpret the data, while inferential statistics were used to determine differences in perceived professional preparedness according to gender and teaching specialization. Findings revealed that instructional delivery had a very high level of influence, while classroom management training and mentoring showed high levels of influence on professional preparedness. Overall, pre-service teachers reported a high level of professional preparedness. No significant differences were found when respondents were grouped according to gender and teaching specialization. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening classroom management training, mentoring feedback, and opportunities for pre-service teachers to develop strategies for handling diverse classroom situations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ferdinand H. Magpayo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the Relationship Between Science Investigatory Project Learning Experience and Attitudes Toward Science of Grade 11 STEM Students
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work, Natural and Physical Sciences, Social Sciences Keywords: Attitudes Toward Science, Descriptive-Correlational Study, Learning Experience, Science Investigatory Project, STEM This study aimed to determine the relationship between science investigatory project learning experience and attitudes toward science of Grade 11 STEM students at San Isidro National High School during the school year 2025-2026. The study employed descriptive-correlational research design and gathered data from 28 Grade 11 STEM students through survey questionnaires. Descriptive statistics revealed that Grade 11 STEM students exhibited a very good level of learning experience, in terms of learning engagement, conceptual understanding and collaboration, after the implementation of science investigatory project. Similarly, they demonstrated very good attitudes toward science, in terms of confidence, enjoyment and utility. Meanwhile, inferential statistics revealed that there was a highly significant relationship found between science investigatory project learning experience and attitudes toward science among Grade 11 STEM students with moderate to strong positive correlations (r values ranging from 0.451 to 0.756, p<0.05). This affirmed that science investigatory project learning experiences provide a critical pedagogical approach in fostering positive attitudes toward science. Furthermore, this study encourages teachers to integrate project-based learning, such as SIP, in science teaching. Meanwhile, school administrators may conduct professional development focusing on inquiry-based and project-based teaching strategies. In addition, the proposed action plan must be implemented to improve the learning experience and attitudes toward science through SIP, ensuring sustained improvement in both engagement and scientific disposition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jonathan P. Mellona, Miguel R. Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
It’s Not You, It’s Them: Quiet Quitting and the Influence of Organizational Justice, Work Engagement and Commitment – The Case of Employees in Education
Section: Articles Categories: Business, Management, Education and Social Work, Social Sciences Keywords: fairness, commitment, organizational justice, quiet quitting, Work engagement Organizations are, in hindsight, facing an economic crisis due to quiet quitting. This is a quantitative cross-sectional study on the antecedents of quiet quitting: perceived organizational justice (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational), work engagement, and organizational commitment (affective, normative, and continuance). A total of 229 samples were collected from five private primary and secondary educational institutions in the Philippines, of which 180 qualified for data analysis. Data were collected from employees with 12 months of service in their institution. Multiple linear regression using JASP was utilized for data analysis. The results show that low work engagement, low affective commitment, and high continuance commitment are the predictors most likely to predict quiet quitting, whereas perceived distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational justice, as well as normative commitment, are not. This study contributes to new knowledge on the antecedents of quiet quitting in the context of education. The results of this study serve as input for policy development and interventions of school administrators and human resource practitioners.
Copyright (c) 2026 Veronica R. Gamboa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Beauty: Enhancing Cosmetology Students’ Emotional Resilience Through A Wellness Community Project on Senior Citizens
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work, Social Sciences Keywords: Adversity Quotient, Emotional Intelligence, Grooming, Service Learning The goal of this research project was to examine the effects of service learning on 19 students’ emotional intelligence and adversity quotient which can be vital in prepping them for the real world. It was a twofold project as it also tackled the stigma on senior citizens who are often overlooked from receiving grooming treatments. Hence, a group of cosmetology students from Keningau Vocational College conducted grooming treatments comprising manicure, pedicure and massaging for the residents of an old folks’ home in Papar, Sabah. These students were required to answer two instruments that gauged their emotional intelligence and resilience technically known as adversity quotient. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank Correlation Coefficient. The findings revealed that emotional intelligence was strongly correlated with adversity quotient in which the better the students were in emotional awareness, regulation and utilization, the better they could cope with pressure from challenges and conflicts. This suggests that service learning can potentially nurture students especially vocational students to be psychologically stronger.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bibiana Paulus, Vienny Balakrishnan, Diana Kayunon, Alvy Wendyline Florentius, Nur Syahida Mohd Nazri, Sirhajwan Idek, Lumang Anak Lang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morpho-Molecular Identification of Plant Pathogen Infecting Bulb Onion (Allium cepa L.) Production Under Protected Cultivation
Section: Articles Categories: Natural and Physical Sciences Keywords: Alternaria porri, ITS rDNA, Mixed fungal infection, Nigrospora sphaerica, Purple blotch This study was conducted to identify the fungal pathogen associated with bulb onion production under protected cultivation through combined morphological and molecular identification. Onion leaves showing yellowing, wilting, and purple-to-black lesions were collected from infected plants and subjected to fungal isolation, morphological examination, pathogenicity testing, and molecular analysis. Based on colony and spore characteristics, together with the results of pathogenicity test, the pathogen was identified as Alternaria porri, which is the causal agent of purple blotch disease, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. However, molecular identification based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA sequencing revealed high similarity (98.58– 98.79%) to Nigrospora sphaerica. This difference may be attributed to the faster growth rate and dominance of N. sphaerica in vitro, which likely overshadowed the slower-growing A. porri during DNA amplification and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis additionally supported the clustering of isolates within the N. sphaerica clade, distinct from A. porri. The contrasting morphological and molecular findings show the occurrence of mixed fungal infections, where A. porri acts as the primary pathogen, and N. sphaerica functions as a secondary colonizer or opportunistic fungus. These results show the limitations of single-method identification and point out the need to integrate morphological, pathogenicity, and molecular approaches for accurate pathogen diagnosis in complex disease systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jennifer P. Celades, Marilyn M. Belarmino, Catherine C. Arradaza, Robelyn T. Piamonte, Zenaida C. Gonzaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Value Chain Map of Bali Sardinella (Tamban) in Bulan, Sorsogon
Section: Articles Categories: Business Keywords: Fish commercialization, Food security, Philippine Fisheries, Sorsogon, Tamban, Value-added products, Value chain analysis Fishery is an essential part of food security and livelihood among the Filipino people. This study described the value chain map of Tamban, the challenges encountered by the stakeholders that adversely affect its production, recommended measures to address those challenges, and proposed strategies towards its commercialization in Bulan, Sorsogon. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative data gathering procedures to produce an in-depth data for better analysis. Executed through using survey questionnaire and semi-structured interview, and official document analysis. Tamban is commonly sold to consumers and business in both fresh and processed forms such as dried, smoked, and canned. There are sixty-eight large-scale fish traders, and thirteen small-scale processors; nine for drying, three for smoking, and one for canning. The analysis demonstrates that the largest financial value-added net of cost was realized at the level of processors of fresh to be delivered to wet market for PHP 81.29 during the peak season and PHP 79.85 in lean season. Stakeholders face two major issues: the seasonality and fluctuating catch and the significant losses occurring in peak season. Negotiate fixed-rate/price range, annual contracts for essential supplies like ice, salt, fuel, and plastic bag. Create an emergency stockpile to cushion producers against sudden price shocks. A roadmap to meeting the set goals—minimize errors, idle time, hazards, cost, waste, and maximize opportunities, production, yield, sales, revenue, and efficiency is proposed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jakim Timothy F. Golimlim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural Competence of Filipino Teachers Teaching Abroad: Implications for Global Education and Inclusive Teaching Practices
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: culturally responsive teaching, intercultural competence, multicultural education, teachers abroad The growing movement of Filipino teachers into international education systems has featured the significance of cultural competence to instructional efficiency and professional achievement in multicultural learning environments. This study determined the level of cultural competency of Filipino teachers teaching abroad, specifically in cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills, and cultural attitude. A descriptive-correlational study design was utilized to gather data from 600 Filipino teachers working in selected states in the United States: California, Florida, Hawaii, Nevada, and Texas. Data on teachers’ cultural competence were collected through a researcher-designed survey questionnaire. The results showed that Filipino teachers reflected a very high level of cultural competency across all dimensions, especially in cultural awareness and adaptability to varied educational situations. The results indicate that Filipino teachers have high intercultural sensitivity, communication skills, and culturally responsive instructional strategies that help them teach effectively in multicultural classrooms. The study also stressed the significance of intercultural training, reflective teaching practice, and institutional support for sustaining culturally responsive education. The results of the study have important implications for teacher education institutions, policymakers, curriculum creators, and foreign school systems trying to promote culturally responsive teaching and global teacher preparation programs.
culturally responsive teaching, intercultural competence, multicultural education, teachers abroad
Copyright (c) 2026 Efigenia M. Fontillas, Esmen M. Cabal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trends, Gaps, and Research Trajectories in Quantum Computing: A Comprehensive Systematic and Bibliometric Review
Section: Articles Categories: Current Events and Controversial Issues Keywords: research landscape, trends, gaps, trajectories, quantum computing, systematic bibliometric review This paper presents a comprehensive systematic and bibliometric review of the rapidly expanding literature on quantum computing. The study addresses six research questions concerning prominent themes, temporal evolution, types of key findings, frequently reported research gaps, higher-order gap typologies, and future research directions. Utilizing a researcher-curated database, the final corpus comprises 153 studies compiled from non-Scopus, Scopus and Web of Science. The results demonstrate that quantum hardware and architecture, algorithms, and theoretical foundations dominate the current literature. Furthermore, publication output has risen significantly between 2018 and 2025. Among the reported findings, algorithmic innovations, performance claims, and hardware advancements are the most common. Despite this progress, the field faces substantial barriers; technical, scalability, fault-tolerance, and methodological-standardization gaps are the most frequently reported. Based on these identified gaps, eight actionable future research directions emerge to guide the scientific community. Ultimately, this review concludes that quantum computing is actively transitioning from a purely physics-driven domain into a multidisciplinary, engineering- and application-oriented science. However, its continued advancement is presently constrained by a hardware-methodology-application triad, wherein reporting practices often outpace empirical verification and standardized benchmarking.
research landscape, trends, gaps, trajectories, quantum computing, systematic bibliometric review
Copyright (c) 2026 Eliza B. Ayo, Mary Grace M. Belgar, Bernabe M. Cabuhayan, Madelyn Gabion, Jean Bernadette C. Parcher, Raymond L. Peralta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Knowledge Transformation Through an Authentic Assessment Ecosystem: Evidence from a First-Cycle Classroom Action Research Study in an Introductory Economics Course
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Authentic assessment, Classroom action research, Economics education, Transformative learning This first-cycle classroom action research study examines whether students’ perception of their economic knowledge and skills can transform through an authentic assessment ecosystem of an introductory economic course. The authentic assessment ecosystem comprised learning circles organized around real Philippine economic issues, weekly scaffolded individual assignments grounded in the 10 Principles of Economics, group presentations as formative checkpoints, a midterm learning paper, and a final group podcast. Using a convergent mixed-methods design, pre-course and post-course self-assessment surveys measured changes in students' self-perceived economic knowledge and skills across five domains, while thematic analysis of post-course open-ended responses provided qualitative evidence of perspective transformation. Findings indicate a consistent and directionally uniform pattern of upward change across all survey items and all knowledge domains, with the greatest gains concentrated in foundational economic knowledge and the smallest gains observed where students entered with already high levels of competence. Qualitative analysis revealed four themes consistent with Mezirow's (1991) perspective transformation framework: a shift from intuitive to analytical decision-making, from surface to systemic understanding, from personal to social awareness of economic conditions, and from national to global analytical framing. Findings are treated as design inputs for a more methodologically rigorous second cycle and contribute practitioner-generated evidence on the role of authentic assessment ecosystems in fostering knowledge transformation in introductory economics education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raymond Allan G. Vergara, Kimberly Christie S. Vergara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Code Switching and Academic Performance Among Students
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Academic Performance, Code-switching, Senior High School Teachers This study aimed to determine the extent of code-switching utilization among the respondents in teaching English, Science, and Mathematics, as well as its association with the academic performance of the students. Thirty-nine (39) senior high school teachers agreed to serve as respondents of the study after meeting the requirements. Research protocols of DepEd-Camiguin were religiously observed in gathering the required data. Appropriate statistical tools were used to produce reliable results and sound insights. The descriptive statistics showed that females dominated in the teaching profile with a balanced distribution across age groups and experience levels. Analysis further revealed that the respondents had maintained a consistent, very high utilization of code-switching as a deliberate and strategic instructional tool. The students' academic performance was noted as being distributed between “Very Satisfactory” and “Outstanding” levels. The study found no significant relationship between code-switching and academic outcomes. This indicates that, as code-switching helped students to learn, this pedagogical approach does serve as a good predictor of the academic performance of the students. The study also found that respondents’ utilization of code-switching did vary significantly when grouped by sex, age, educational attainment, or years of teaching experience. It can be concluded then that the utilization of code-switching has become a routine among the respondents in the delivery of the lessons to the students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fritzie L. Cempron, Wenie L. Nahial https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“Sisikapin, Aabutin”: Hassles and Drives of Working Students in a State University
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Academic resilience, Dual- role conflict, Working students, Work study balance While previous research highlights the general struggle of working students, a specific gap exists in understanding how institutional support can effectively mitigate role strain within the Philippine state university system. This explored the lived experiences of working students at President Ramon Magsaysay State University, San Marcelino Campus, San Marcelino Zambales. Using a phenomenological qualitative design, it identified both “hassles” (challenges) and “drives” (inspirations). Data were gathered from tem participants through in-depth interviews using an instruments validated by one faculty experts in educational management. Findings revealed that despite facing Time Management and Role Conflicts, students developed a greater sense of resilience and purpose. This study identifies ways the university can provide targeted support to meet students’ diverse needs and foster their persistence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Regine Natali D. Farrales, Mark F. Antonio, Emmalyn Kaye P. Cabalar, Sandara A. Mendoza, Eric DS. Ebro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Financial Literacy and Economic Empowerment of PCG Personnel: Basis for a Financial Autonomy Training Course
Section: Articles Categories: Business, Social Sciences Keywords: Economic Empowerment, Financial Autonomy, Financial Literacy, Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) Personnel This study assessed the levels of financial literacy and economic empowerment among Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) personnel to inform the development of a tailored Financial Autonomy Training Course. A mixed-methods research design using concurrent triangulation was employed. Quantitative data were collected through a structured survey administered to 400 PCG personnel, including officers, non-officers, and non-uniformed personnel. Qualitative data were gathered through key informant interviews with selected PCG leaders and personnel. Results showed that respondents generally demonstrated high to extremely high levels of financial literacy and economic empowerment. Among the financial literacy dimensions, debt management obtained the highest rating, whereas investing received the lowest rating, indicating limited practical knowledge and participation in investment activities. In terms of economic empowerment, job security and job satisfaction received very high ratings, while work–life balance and purchasing power, although rated high, reflected existing financial and occupational pressures. Qualitative findings indicated that financial literacy initiatives within the PCG were limited, fragmented, and primarily focused on retirement preparation rather than continuous financial capability development. Participants also identified financial stress, limited discretionary income, operational demands, and the absence of a structured financial education program as key challenges. In conclusion, while personnel demonstrated generally positive levels of financial literacy and economic empowerment, gaps remained in investment literacy, long-term financial planning, financial stress management, and institutional support. The findings supported the institutionalization of a tailored Financial Autonomy Training Course to strengthen the financial capability and well-being of PCG personnel.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shenyl Ivy P. Hernandez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emotional Intelligence, Psychological Needs Satisfaction, and Stress of Teachers Amidst Pandemic
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, Emotional intelligence, Mixed-methods research, Psychological need satisfaction, Teacher stress, Teacher well-being The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to the education sector, placing elementary teachers under sustained psychological and emotional strain due to increased workload, shifting instructional demands, and limited support systems. This study examined the relationships among emotional intelligence, psychological need satisfaction, and stress among elementary teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic as a basis for proposing a school-based mental health program. Employing a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently and integrated during interpretation. Quantitative data were gathered from 253 elementary teachers using standardized measures of emotional intelligence, psychological need satisfaction, and stress and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, and Pearson product-moment correlation. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with five (5) purposively selected teachers and analyzed using thematic analysis to explore lived experiences, perceived stressors, coping strategies, support systems, and personal growth. Findings revealed a moderate level of emotional intelligence (M = 2.80), generally satisfactory fulfillment of psychological needs, and occasional experiences of stress (M = 3.09). Correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological need satisfaction (r = .521, p < .001), while emotional intelligence (r = −.413, p < .001) and psychological need satisfaction (r = −.367, p < .001) were significantly and negatively associated with stress. Qualitative findings reinforced these results by demonstrating that emotional regulation, collegial and family support, acceptance, spirituality, and collaborative coping served as important protective mechanisms against work-related stress during crisis conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jacquelyn Rose A. Fajilagutan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social Comparison on Facebook, Rumination, and Coping Styles Among Young Adults with Symptoms of Depression during Covid-19 Pandemic
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Coping styles, Depressive symptoms, Rumination, Social comparison, University students’ mental health This study examined the relationships among social comparison on Facebook, rumination, coping styles, and depressive symptoms among university students, with the aim of informing a targeted campus-based intervention. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 336 respondents and analyzed through descriptive statistics, group difference testing, and Pearson correlation. Results revealed that a substantial proportion of students experienced moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Social comparison was positively and significantly associated with rumination, while rumination demonstrated significant relationships with problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping styles. Level of depression emerged as a significant factor influencing social comparison, rumination, and coping patterns, suggesting that psychological condition plays a stronger role than demographic characteristics in shaping cognitive and behavioral responses. The findings indicate that repetitive negative thinking serves as a central mechanism linking social comparison and emotional distress. Grounded in these results, an innovative intervention framework titled CAMPUS CAREquest was developed to address the cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors identified in the study. The program integrates mindfulness-based cognitive awareness, digital comparison moderation, resilience-focused coping enhancement, and stigma-reduction strategies to promote a supportive campus climate. By targeting rumination and maladaptive comparison while strengthening adaptive coping and peer support systems, the intervention seeks to reduce depressive symptoms and foster long-term psychological resilience. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on social media use and student mental health and offers a data-driven, contextually grounded model for institutional mental health promotion in higher education settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Charry M. Sison https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Total Deposit Growth in Philippine Banking: A Statistical Study Across Banking Groups
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Deposit Growth, Philippine banking, Purchasing Power of Peso (PPP), Financial Technology, Digital Payments, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI) This paper analyzes the drivers of total deposit growth in the Philippine banking system for years 2014-2024. It considers the joint impact of macro-economic conditions and technology development across the major banking groups. The study utilized a descriptive-correlational design and secondary data were obtained from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas and the Philippine Statistics Authority. The correlation analysis was performed to study the correlation between the macroeconomic and technological variables and the deposit growth. The results show that total deposits are still growing mainly driven by the Universal and Commercial Banks. GDP, GDP per capita, CPI and digital payment adoption are very strongly positively related to deposit growth while PPP is very strongly negatively related showing that nominal deposits grow when purchasing power falls. Of the variables that point to financial technology’s growing importance, digital payments have the highest correlation across banking groups. “There are differences between bank types. Larger banks are more sensitive to macroeconomic and technological factors. The findings show that economic performance and digital transformation have a significant relationship with the growth of deposits in the Philippine banking industry. Macro-economic stability is the structural basis for deposit mobilization. But the biggest innovation related to the growth of deposits of financial inclusion and expansion of deposits is digital innovation. The results suggest that policymakers and financial institutions could consider integrated approaches to improve economic fundamentals, while encouraging digital financial infrastructure to facilitate the development of the banking sector.
Deposit Growth, Philippine banking, Purchasing Power of Peso (PPP), Financial Technology, Digital Payments, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Copyright (c) 2026 Jess Andes, Anne Lorraine L. Abanto, Edward Louie Y. Abejero, Ginesa C. Anticuando, Ira Faye N. Apay, Jella O. Bacatan, Marvin Ian E. Niere, Peter G. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Being Young in a Fragmented World: A Literature Review on Stress, Alienation, and the Search for Existential Liberation
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Alienation, Authenticity, Existential Anxiety, Existential Liberation, Identity Formation, Youth Development Applying existential philosophy, in relation to Martin Heidegger’s notions of thrownness, fallenness, and authenticity, the framework provides a hermeneutic insight into what it is to be young in a fragmented world. Instead of synthesizing empirical observations or proposing direct explanations, the review is interpretive and attempts to re‑construct the philosophical and academic work on youth stress, alienation and meaning‑making. The discussion confronts stress and alienation not just as developmental or psychological issues but as existential conditions which disclose conflicts between externally induced demands and young people's ability to form an authentic self‑perception. From literature to scholarship, youth as it transpires across periods not just as a mediatory phase but also as a kind of being‑in‑the‑world involving uncertainty, openness, and a struggle over selfhood. Experiences of disconnection and social pressure may remain widespread but this review underscores how practices of reflection, creativity, and responsibility are part of efforts to live more truthfully in splintered social contexts. By conceptualizing the experience of youth under the existential‑ hermeneutic lens the article also aims to provide a conceptual understanding of youth distress that does not become problem‑ orientated or pathologizing, but rather places youth in the center of meaningful becoming under the conditions of contemporary events.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peter G. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Internship Factors and Career Path Clarity: The Role of Organizational Context and Career Decidedness
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Career path clarity, Internship experience, Job Satis, Organizational Well-being, titative Descriptive-Correlational Design, Regression Analysis, Work Environment and Workplace Well-being This study was conducted to examine the relationship between variables related to internship and clarity of career path among university students who completed On-the-Job Training (OJT). Data were collected using a quantitative descriptive-correlational design for 149 participants in six constructs: internship experience, work environment, personal impact, company size and structure, career decidedness, and career clarity. We used descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation and multiple regression analyses. The findings revealed that internship experience, work environment and personal impact were all significantly associated with career clarity, with personal impact having the strongest association. However, only company size and structure and career decidedness were significant predictors in the regression model. The results underscore the importance of organizational context and the clarity of prior career in affecting students’ career development. The findings indicate that well-structured internship opportunities, positive work environments and effective matching between students and host organizations can lead to better career clarity and employability outcomes. Future research may address limitations by employing longitudinal designs and broader institutional contexts.
titative Descriptive-Correlational Design
Work Environment and Workplace Well-being
Copyright (c) 2026 John Kirby Z. Añonuevo Añonuevo, Shaira Shayne L. Ybañez, Jariene Fibelle Mae T. Alonzo, Kylens D. Bajade, Noriella P. Gereña, Jannah Carmelle B. Cabal, Lalaine O. Narsico, Peter G. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth, Laying Performance, and Egg Quality of White Leghorn Chickens Supplemented with Live Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Under Litter Floor Rearing System
Section: Articles Keywords: Black soldier fly larvae, Egg quality, Growth, Hen-day egg production, Laying performance, Supplementation, Yolk This study was conducted in Mati, San Miguel, Zamboanga del Sur to evaluate the growth performance, laying performance, and egg quality of White Leghorn chickens supplemented with Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) under a litter floor rearing system using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Sixty (60) ready-to-lay chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments with three replications of five birds each. Treatment 1 received 100% commercial feed, while Treatments 2, 3, and 4 were supplemented with 15%, 20%, and 25% BSFL, respectively. Data collected included average daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg production, hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg size (length and width), shape index, yolk diameter and height, yolk index, and yolk color. All data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) through the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR). Results revealed that growth performance (average daily gain, feed intake, and FCR) exhibited only numerical differences and was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) among treatments. However, laying performance and egg quality showed high statistical significance (p < 0.01). Chickens supplemented with 20% BSFL (T3) recorded the highest egg production, hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg size, and improved FCR for egg production. Economic analysis indicated that 20% BSFL supplementation provided the most cost-effective return.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emelyn D. Tormes, Jodie Mer C. Dayama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stomatal and Morphological Characteristics of In-Vitro Grown Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Treated with Different Concentrations of Colchicine and Pendimethalin
Section: Articles Keywords: Chemical mutagens, Colchicine, In vitro culture, Pendimethalin, Physiological response, Polyploidy, Stomatal traits, Tomato This research investigated the stomatal and morphological response of in vitro grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plantlets to different concentrations of colchicine and pendimethalin. The effects of treatments on stomatal parameters, chlorophyll content and morphological characteristics were studied. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven treatments replicated three times with ten samples per replicate at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Visayas State University. To evaluate the responses of various concentrations of colchicine (1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 mM) and pendimethalin (10, 20 and 30 µM), induced polyploid-associated traits and overall plant growth and development rate on tomato plantlets have also been compared with normal diploid plantlet used as control in subsequent measurement. The results indicated that the mutagen treatments have a substantial effect on explant viability, stomatal traits and chlorophyll content as well as vegetative growth of tomato plants. Moderate concentrations had more profound effect with higher survival percentages of explants found for 20 µM pendimethalin (91%) and 5.0 mM colchicine (84%), which produced regeneration and adaptation, as compared to other concentrations in this study. It was found out with an increased stomatal length, width and aperture on mutation treated plantlets but decreased stomatal density shows induction of polyploid trait. Colchicine resulted in the greatest stomatal size together with favourable impact on chlorophyll content. In contrast, at the highest concentrations of pendimethalin (30 µM), growth was inhibited and chlorophyll was decreased as a result of phytotoxicity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jessa R. Gines, Catherine C. Arradaza, Marilyn M. Belarmino, Marilou M. Benitez, Rosemarie B. Gonzaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Flooding in Ermita: A Comparative Case Study of Before and After the Construction of the Dolomite Beach
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Beach Nourishment, Coastal Engineering, Coastal Modification, Dolomite Beach, Drainage Systems, Urban Flooding Low-lying coastal neighborhoods of Metro Manila, including Ermita, continue to struggle with flooding. Recent discussions have suggested that the 2020 Manila Bay Dolomite Beach coastal replenishment project may have made the issue worse by changing local hydrodynamics. This study used a descriptive-comparative case study design based on secondary data from peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, academic writings, environmental assessments, and verified news articles to compare the frequency and duration of flooding in Ermita before (2015-2020) and after (2021-2025) the project's construction. High tides, severe rainfall, and inadequate drainage maintenance were the main causes of the frequent but mostly transient pre-construction floods. On the other hand, post-construction data showed more frequent and rerouted major drainage outfalls in Faura, Remedios, and Estero de San Antonio Abad as a result of artificial beach structures that reduced the effectiveness of stormwater discharge into Manila Bay. The results showed that although flooding existed before the project, the development of Dolomite Beach inadvertently decreased the urban drainage system's capacity, which prolonged Ermita's floods. In order to guarantee that environmental and aesthetic projects improve rather than jeopardize long-term resilience and public safety, the study emphasizes the vital need for thorough, multidisciplinary planning that integrates coastal engineering interventions with the current urban hydrological infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jan Jylyn Galvez, Andrea T. Martin, Clark Cedrick B. Sicat, John Cris V. Wenceslao, Dennis L. Estacio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Nexus of Cultural Heritage, Identity, and Environmental Sustainability: A Bibliometric Analysis
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work, Social Sciences Keywords: Cultural Heritage, Environmental Sustainability, Heritage Conservation, Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Sustainable Development This research paper presents a bibliometric analysis that explores the interconnections between cultural heritage, identity, and environmental sustainability—key components of sustainable development. As global challenges arise from urbanization and climate change, the preservation of cultural heritage emerges as essential not only for maintaining community identity but also for fostering environmental and economic resilience. Through a thorough examination of scholarly literature over the past two decades, this study identifies primary research themes, emerging trends, and leading contributors in interdisciplinary scholarship concerning heritage conservation and sustainability. Employing various databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, the analysis utilizes tools such as VOSviewer and Bibliometrix for data visualization and citation analysis. The results reveal distinct co-citation clusters focused on topics like cultural tourism, urban sustainability, the governance of cultural heritage, and the strategic management of landscapes. The findings underline the critical role of community engagement, innovative policy-making, and education in enhancing heritage conservation efforts. The study advocates for a reconceptualization of sustainability to encompass cultural dimensions, emphasizing the need for integrative approaches that harmonize heritage preservation with environmental and economic development. This research ultimately aims to inform stakeholders—from policymakers to practitioners—about the essential nexus between cultural heritage and sustainable development, offering practical recommendations for fostering a resilient future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dennis L. Estacio, Ana Neliza B. Del Mundo-Angeles, Anjelo S. Flores, Vim Kiester C. Rivera4, Walton Wider https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges in the Implementation of Aral Program as Perceived by the Teachers in Zone I Schools Division of Zambales
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: ARAL Program, Challenges, Delivery mode, Learners, Learning materials, Tutors Regional literacy gaps and poor international assessment scores prompted the Philippine government to establish the Academic Recovery and Accessible Learning (ARAL) Program under Republic Act 12028. This study investigated the challenges faced by teachers in implementing the ARAL Program in Zone 1, Schools Division of Zambales. Utilizing a descriptive quantitative survey design, data were gathered via purposive sampling from 129 public elementary school teachers across the districts of Sta. Cruz, Candelaria, and Masinloc. A self-developed 4-point Likert scale questionnaire assessed challenges across five structural domains. Teachers perceived the ARAL Program implementation as "Challenging" across all studied areas (overall weighted means: 3.00–3.08). Local Government Support emerged as the most severe challenge (M=3.08), heavily driven by difficulties in mobilizing local stakeholders (M=3.13). Access to Learning Materials (M=3.04) and Qualification of Tutors (M=3.04) presented equal difficulties, primarily due to poor internet connectivity obstructing digital resource access (M=3.15) and tutors lacking formal pedagogical training (M=3.13). Furthermore, student unwillingness to participate (M=3.13) and the burden of developing materials adaptive to both online and face-to-face setups (M=3.23) hindered effective student identification and delivery modes. Successful learning recovery is constrained by systemic hurdles, including weak community mobilization, digital infrastructure deficits, and untrained tutoring personnel. It is recommended that school divisions provide targeted multimodal material development training, invest in low-bandwidth or offline instructional alternatives, and forge formalized partnership agreements with local government units to secure sustained logistical and financial backing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joyce E. Atrero, Esmen M. Cabal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilization of Entrepreneurial Skills and Economic Status Among Tesda Graduates
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Entrepreneurial Skills, Skill Utilization, Socioeconomic Status, TVET Outcomes This study aimed to assess the utilization of entrepreneurial skills and the socioeconomic impact of the Technical Education and Skills Development training program in the province of Camiguin, the island born of fire in Northern Mindanao. Among the graduates of the training programs, 117 agreed to participate and provide the necessary information to answer the inquiries of this undertaking. Quantitative descriptive research design was employed with a survey questionnaire as the main data gathering tool, supplemented with a casual interview for clarification purposes. Research protocols were observed, and appropriate statistical tools were employed to produce reliable results. Analysis revealed that the counts of females were a little higher than their male counterparts. Most of the respondents belonged to the young adults, and the rest were middle-aged adults. The participants possessed diverse educational backgrounds and were employed in their respective localities after the training. The respondents exhibited a moderate utilization of entrepreneurial skills in terms of persistence, innovation, networking, and financial management skills. By sub-domain, however, the respondents need more training in financial management. Inferential analysis confirmed a highly significant difference in both employment type and personal income before and after the training program. These significant improvements indicate the program’s efficacy in impacting the socio-economic status of the TESDA graduates. Results also revealed no significant difference in the extent of utilization of entrepreneurial skills among the respondents when grouped by post-training income earned or by demographic variables like sex, age, educational attainment, and place of employment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faith O. Margate, Maya R. Sanchez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
How Streaming Music Reduced Audio Piracy
Section: Articles Categories: Humanities, Social Sciences Keywords: Innovation, Intellectual property, Online piracy, Streaming The article traces the evolution of digital music distribution from the era of physical piracy to contemporary legal streaming models. It situates this transformation within the broader framework of Industry 4.0 and the sharing economy highlighting how technological change, widespread connectivity, and new organizational models have reshaped relations between creators, intermediaries, and users. The study reviews key stages of online piracy, including BBS systems, FTP, peer-to-peer networks such as Napster, and digital music stores, and then examines the emergence of streaming platforms like Spotify as a disruptive innovation in access-based music consumption. Particular attention is paid to subscription and freemium models, algorithmic personalization, and the shift from owning files to on-demand streaming, which together significantly reduced the profitability and appeal of illegal music exchange. The article concludes that streaming services have become one of the most effective instruments in curbing music piracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magdalena Szczyrba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leading and Managing Geographically Isolated Schools in a VUCA Environment: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study of Principals in Romblon, Philippines
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Authentic leadership, Educational management, Filipino values, Geographically isolated schools, School principals, Transcendental phenomenology, VUCA School principals in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas operate under volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous conditions that intensify the demands of educational leadership and management. This study explored how principals in geographically isolated schools in Romblon, Philippines experienced and integrated authentic leadership and educational management within a VUCA environment. Method: Using transcendental phenomenology, the study engaged nine elementary and secondary school principals selected through purposive sampling. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews and supplementary document review. Analysis followed epoché, phenomenological reduction, horizontalization, clustering of meaning units, and synthesis of textural and structural descriptions. Results: Findings showed that authentic leadership was enacted through vision anchored on learner needs, collaborative influence, Filipino cultural values, presence, trust, and service. Educational management was performed through structured monitoring, role clarification, strategic resource prioritization, policy alignment, delegation, and operational discipline. VUCA conditions were experienced through weather disruptions, transportation barriers, unclear policies, resource scarcity, staffing limitations, and changing learning modalities. Elementary school contexts required more direct, hands-on, and overlapping leadership roles, whereas secondary contexts involved broader curriculum, governance, and coordination demands. Conclusion: The transcending essence of the phenomenon was values-driven resilience through integrated authentic leadership and educational management. To lead and manage a geographically isolated school authentically meant serving with heart, deciding with integrity, organizing with discipline, adapting with resilience, and sustaining education through collective school-community strength.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vanly F. Alvaran, Philip R. Baldera, Aljay Marc C. Patiam, Mhilwin A. Esto, Rothy Star Moon S. Casimero, Rosanna Z. Fortaleza, Carlito E. Añonuevo, Susie F. Fallaria, Mary Grace M. Falcunitin, Maricar L. Ramirez, Ailyn F. Tablada, Pinky Rose D. Dalisay, Elmer C. Gacilo, Fe Asuncion Madeja, Ailyn F. Arcasitas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0