International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research
type: channel
description: Name: International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research E-ISSN: 2774-5368 DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber Period: Monthly (Since 2021) Indexing and Abstracting: Google Scholar, Crossref, Dimensions, ROAD, Scilit, Garuda, ICI Copernicus, ScienceGate, ISI Indexing, Semantic Scholar, EBSCO and others in progress Partnered with: ReviewerCredits and Publons Publication Guidelines: COPE Guidelines Publisher: Future Science, Malang, Indonesia / FSH-PH Publications, Subic, Zambales, Philippines Founded: 2020 Article Processing Charges 60 USD / Papers. The International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research is peer-reviewed on a monthly basis and publishes full-length papers with a fast review process. It is to enhance the dissemination of knowledge across the multidisciplinary community. We are particularly interested in papers relevant to all disciplines. The editorial board has kept receiving articles that address all areas. Topics: Arts, Business, Economics, and Management; Current Events and Controversial Issues; Education and Social Work; Health Sciences; Humanities; Natural and Physical Sciences; Social Sciences; and Other Relevant Multidisciplinary.
publisher: Future Science / FSH-PH Publications
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research
issn: 2774-5368
copyright: Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See the Effect of Open Access).
items: Sustainable Practices for Rice Agripreneurs
items: Ctrl + Class: A Phenomenological Unfurling of the Lived Digital Leap of the 21st Century Teachers
items: Self-Perceived TPACK of Public Secondary English Teachers: Basis for an Extension Program
items: Environmental Cost Accounting Practices of Restaurants
items: A Self-Learning Module for Grade 7 Students: A Sustainable Enhancement Material for the Least Mastered Competencies in Basic Mathematical Concepts
items: What Makes Them Happy?: Measuring the happiness of Certified Public Accountants through the COVID-19 Pandemic in Cotabato Province, Philippines
items: Principals and Teachers’ K to 12 Implementation Experiences in Bohol: A Case Study
items: The Mediating Role of Financial Health on the Relationship Between Financial Personality Types, Credit Dependency, and Financial Preparedness for Emergencies among SUCs Educators: Basis for a Program
items: Cost Management Practices in the Aquaculture Industry
items: A Faculty Development Framework for Senior High School Teachers Based on Creativity, Skills, and Motivation
items: Interplay of Language Instruction and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in Multilingual Classrooms
items: From Understanding to Action: Exploring Sned Teachers in Implementing a School-Based Guidance Program
items: Leadership Practices of Elementary School Heads in Zambales: Managing Resources for Effective School Operations
items: Exploring the Intersectionality of Teenage Pregnancy, Rights, and Sexuality Education: A Case Study Analysis in Tugbok, Davao City
items: Enhancing Safety of PCG Personnel Working on Vessel’s Enclosed Spaces through Capacity Building Program
items: Streamlining the Procurement Lifecycle: An Integrated Web-Based Platform for PPMP Consolidation and Document Tracking
items: Legislative Performance of the Sangguniang Panlungsod of Sorsogon City in Disaster Risk Reduction Management
items: Faculty Evaluation Decision Based System with Sentiments Analysis using Naïve Bayes Algorithm
items: Development of Retrievr: A Line-Of-Sight Beacon System for Autonomous Object Return in Indoor Workspaces
items: Managing Stakeholders in Elementary Schools: Leadership Practices for Effective School Operations in Zambales
items: Examining the Association Between Tax Knowledge and Compliance Among Sole Proprietors in Olongapo City: A Moderation Study
items: The Effects of Influencer Follower Count on Consumer Perception and Purchase Behavior
items: Instructional Supervision in a State University: Needs Analysis for an Evidence-Based Mentoring Program
items: Commuter Boarding Management Practices and its Effects on Passenger Experience at Cebu South Bus Terminal, Philippines
items: Exploring the Relationships Between the Farmers Farm Expenses, Land Size, and Sugarcane Yield: Evidence from the Philippines
items: https://ijmaberjournal.org/index.php/ijmaber/article/view/3445
items: Motivation to Stay, Job Satisfaction, and Workplace Challenges Among Regular Employees Amidst the Privatization of Government-Owned Casinos
items: The Influence of Psychological Triggers, Content Engagement, and Self-Regulation on the Relationship Between Social Media Ads and Impulsive Buying
items: Gender-Based Harassment Legislation in Higher Education: Awareness and Policy Implications Under the Philippine Safe Spaces Act
items: Community Compliance with Fishing Ordinances in the Coastal Municipalities of Bohol Province
items: Kaalaman at Kasanayan Sa Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) of Pre-Service Teachers in A State University: A Basis for Curriculum Enhancement

Sustainable Practices for Rice Agripreneurs
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Business Keywords: Modern farming techniques, Organic farming, Rice agripreneurs, Smart farming tools, Sustainable practices This study, "Sustainable Practices of Rice Agripreneurs," explores how rice agripreneurs in Villasis, Pangasinan, Philippines, integrate organic farming, modern farming techniques, and smart farming practices to enhance agricultural sustainability. Despite technological advancements, many farmers still face barriers such as limited capital, technical expertise, and training, creating a gap between traditional and innovative farming systems. The study employed a quantitative descriptive design using validated questionnaires administered to 35 registered rice agripreneurs in Villasis, Pangasinan, Philippines. Data were analyzed through frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and Pearson correlation to assess sustainable practices and their relationship with business profiles. This research is also anchored in the UN-SDGs 1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 15, and 17. Most respondents have extensive agribusiness experience and manage small to medium-sized farms, mainly on rented land. Modern farming techniques were the most practiced (AWM = 3.28), followed by organic farming (AWM = 2.89), while smart farming tools were only sometimes practiced (AWM = 2.21). These findings indicate that while agripreneurs adopt sustainable methods, technological practices remain limited. Moreover, results revealed no significant relationship between business profiles and sustainable practices, implying equal adoption regardless of experience or farm size. The study concludes that rice agripreneurs prioritize sustainability but need improved access to technology, funding, and institutional support. It recommends implementing GreenGrain: Empowering Sustainable Rice Agripreneurs for Inclusive Growth, an extension program that promotes education, digital literacy, and eco-friendly innovations to enhance productivity, profitability, and environmental resilien…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business
  topic: category
subject: Modern farming techniques
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Rice agripreneurs
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart farming tools
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable practices
  topic: keywords
creator: Stephanie Kim Ramos
creator: Arly N. Visperas
creator: Clarisse S. Vila
creator: Lurene Myles V. Bernales
creator: Aira Camille J. Cenizan
creator: Jemyma Joyce M. Decenon
creator: Mark Juven C. Sibucao
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Stephanie Kim Ramos, Arly N. Visperas, Clarisse S. Vila, Lurene Myles V. Bernales, Aira Camille J. Cenizan, Jemyma Joyce M. Decenon, Mark Juven C. Sibucao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1846
ending page: 1853
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.01

Ctrl + Class: A Phenomenological Unfurling of the Lived Digital Leap of the 21st Century Teachers
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Catholic education, Faculty experience, Phenomenology approach, Purposive sampling, Technology-enhanced learning, Thematic analysis This study is relevant to the academic community as it provides insights into the lived experiences of faculty members navigating technology-enhanced learning (TEL) in a private Catholic institution. It presents primary data gathered through in-depth interviews with four faculty participants from Holy Cross of Davao College, Region XI, Philippines. Understanding these experiences can help educators and institutions develop more effective strategies for integrating digital tools in faith-based educational settings. This qualitative study employed a phenomenological approach to explore how teachers perceive, adopt, and utilize technology in their classrooms. Using purposive sampling, the researchers chosen participants who actively implemented TEL. Thematic analysis revealed that faculty members experienced both growth and challenges in their digital journey. They expressed fulfillment when students engaged more deeply through tools like Padlet and Edpuzzle, but also shared frustrations due to infrastructure limitations and evolving digital platforms. Participants described coping mechanisms such as self-learning, peer mentoring, and strategic use of tools like Google Classroom and Canva. Their insights emphasized the importance of adaptability, reflective practice, and a student-centered mindset. The study recommends institutional support for professional development, improved infrastructure, and collaborative efforts to foster inclusive and effective digital learning environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Social Work
  topic: category
subject: Catholic education
  topic: keywords
subject: Faculty experience
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenomenology approach
  topic: keywords
subject: Purposive sampling
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology-enhanced learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Thematic analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Princes Joy G. Arambala
creator: J. P. Versinie M. Salmorin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Princes Joy G. Arambala, J. P. Versinie M. Salmorin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1854
ending page: 1866
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.02

Self-Perceived TPACK of Public Secondary English Teachers: Basis for an Extension Program
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: English language teaching, Extension program, Needs assessment, Pedagogy, Teacher education, Technology The need for quality education was the fourth sustainable development goal of UNESCO which ensured inclusive, equitable, and lifelong learning opportunities for all learners. Its implication to increasing the supply of qualified teachers in developing countries was part of the major roles of teacher education institutions. Through complete enumeration, this study examined the self-perceived technological pedagogical and content knowledge of junior and senior high school English teachers in a large public school for S.Y. 2024-2025. It further aimed to design an extension training program for implementation in the research locale. After a series of preliminaries including the online orientation and obtaining informed consent in person, an adopted and validated survey questionnaire was administered in Google form in a group chat. Statistical information analyzed through the computation of weight and mean revealed that the respondents are generally competent to very much competent in terms of TPACK. There were suggested learning objectives, activities, and materials applicable and purposeful for an extension program designed to enhance the competence of the faculty recipients in integrating technology in both online and classroom-based teaching.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Social Work
  topic: category
subject: English language teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension program
  topic: keywords
subject: Needs assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher education
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Lyzyl Lopez-Banuag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lyzyl Lopez-Banuag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1867
ending page: 1875
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.03

Environmental Cost Accounting Practices of Restaurants
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Business Keywords: Emissions Output, Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA), Utilities, Waste Disposal Restaurants in Urdaneta City, Pangasinan encounter difficulty in sustainability because of their limited knowledge about and inconsistent application of Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA) methods on some of their main operations like waste disposal, utilities management, and emissions output. Anchored on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 (No Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger), and 3 (Good Health and Well-being), this study looked into the ECA practices of small and medium-sized restaurants situated in selected barangays such as, San Vicente, Nancayasan, Anonas, Cayambanan, Camantiles, and Santo Domingo. Using the descriptive quantitative research, the 30 registered restaurant establishments built the sample size. Restaurant owners or supervisors who have knowledge of daily operations and functional basis with regards to environmental responsibility or practices were the respondents of the study. Collected data were analysed to find out the level of implementation of ECA on waste disposal, utilities management, and emissions output. Statistical analysis was also used to determine the relationship between business profile and ECA factors. Results showed that most of the restaurants have only tried doing business for not more than six years and are generally employing not more than ten workers. ECA practices are generally implemented and among the three indicators, it is utilities management that showed the highest rating, followed by waste disposal and emissions output. There is no correlation between business profile variables and ECA.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business
  topic: category
subject: Emissions Output
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA)
  topic: keywords
subject: Utilities
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste Disposal
  topic: keywords
creator: Jazien C. Abuan
creator: Arly N. Visperas
creator: Alessandra A. Asuncion
creator: Stephen Vincent C. Ayson
creator: Glaiza Mae A. Estioko
creator: Aishle Kyte N. Marzan
creator: Mary Rose B. Mosada
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jazien C. Abuan, Arly N. Visperas, Alessandra A. Asuncion, Stephen Vincent C. Ayson, Glaiza Mae A. Estioko, Aishle Kyte N. Marzan, Mary Rose B. Mosada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1876
ending page: 1885
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.04

A Self-Learning Module for Grade 7 Students: A Sustainable Enhancement Material for the Least Mastered Competencies in Basic Mathematical Concepts
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: ADDIE Model, Basic Mathematical Concepts, Bilingual Language, Least Mastered Competencies, Self-Learning Module Mathematics is considered one of the most important subjects in the Philippine educational curriculum. However, the majority of students, especially those in junior high school, still struggle with its basic concepts. To address this problem, the researchers developed a self-learning module (SLM) to enhance Grade 7 students’ least mastered competencies in basic mathematical concepts, using the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate) model and a descriptive-developmental research approach. The least mastered competencies of students were analyzed during the needs assessment of researcher-extensionists at a state university in Zambales. The researchers designed and implemented the SLM to help students study independently and understand mathematics better, with features such as various types of activities, practical examples, self-assessment tasks, and bilingual (English and Filipino) explanations, serving as an innovative means of indirect interaction. Results indicated that the SLM effectively addressed learning gaps, as evidenced by improved student performance and favorable evaluation ratings of the module’s design and instructional features. This study implied that the SLM is expected to contribute to the development of effective and accessible learning materials that can sustainably enhance the mathematical proficiency of Grade 7 students, particularly in contexts where language and resource limitations persist.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Social Work
  topic: category
subject: ADDIE Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Basic Mathematical Concepts
  topic: keywords
subject: Bilingual Language
  topic: keywords
subject: Least Mastered Competencies
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-Learning Module
  topic: keywords
creator: Mary Grade A. Aledo
creator: Kyla Mae T. Mayo
creator: Emilio James M. Yao
creator: Leroy A. Flores
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mary Grade A. Aledo, Kyla Mae T. Mayo, Emilio James M. Yao, Leroy A. Flores https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1886
ending page: 1899
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.05

What Makes Them Happy?: Measuring the happiness of Certified Public Accountants through the COVID-19 Pandemic in Cotabato Province, Philippines
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Business, Economics, Social Sciences Keywords: Certified Public Accountants, COVID-19, Happiness Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments across the world have enforced lockdown measures to limit the transmission of the virus. Although these restrictions have been effective in reducing physical health risks, they have also raised concerns about their negative impact on individuals’ well-being, particularly in terms of life satisfaction and happiness. This paper analyzes the feeling of happiness of the Certified Public Accountants in the Cotabato Province and measures their satisfaction with the 10 happiness domains, to aid the limited understanding of how an outbreak can affect people’s well-being. The central idea is to assess the overall happiness of the respondents, investigate the relation of happiness and 10 domains, and to identify which of these domains affect their happiness. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to examine the relationship between happiness and the ten happiness domains. Multiple regression was used to identify the domains that significantly predicted happiness. Results showed that all ten domains were significantly and positively correlated with happiness. The final regression model identified health, environment, time balance, governance, and psychological well-being as significant predictors of happiness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business
  topic: category
subject: Economics
  topic: category
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Certified Public Accountants
  topic: keywords
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: Happiness
  topic: keywords
creator: Christian Eligius A. Jimenez
creator: Jay-R G. Vildac
creator: Zosimo O. Membrebe Jr.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Christian Eligius A. Jimenez, Jay-R G. Vildac, Zosimo O. Membrebe Jr. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1900
ending page: 1909
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.06

Principals and Teachers’ K to 12 Implementation Experiences in Bohol: A Case Study
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Curriculum implementation, Educational management, Implementation challenges, K to 12 Senior High School, Philippines, School leadership, Teachers’ experiences The K to 12 program was implemented to produce globally-competent graduates by adding two more years of the basic education. However, each implementation of educational reforms would have lots of issues to contend. This study explored the K to12 Senior High School (SHS) Program implementation experiences of the principals and teachers. It employed a case study design, analyzing personal experiences and views to understand and provide insights and recommendations about the K to 12 Basic Education Program (specifically Grade 11), based on the experiences of principals and teachers from Senior High Schools in Bohol, Philippines. Two (2) sets of researcher-designed interview guides were used to conduct unstructured interviews. Thematic analysis was applied in analysing the data.There were three emergent themes that were developed from the experiences of the research participants, such as: K to 12 Transition Management, K to 12 Implementation Challenges, and Mitigating Measures. The essence and salient features of the K to 12 Senior High School (SHS) curriculum were well-crafted and helped the students enhance their skills and prepare them to be globally competitive since the Department of Education crafts it. Although the principals' role was to implement the curriculum and ensure that the students' concerns were addressed and left no one displaced in the Senior High School. Nevertheless, some challenges were encountered, such as the lack of sufficient teaching materials, facilities, classrooms, inadequate teachers' capacity-building programs, and students' social, economic, and psychological struggles that hindered academic access.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Social Work
  topic: category
subject: Curriculum implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational management
  topic: keywords
subject: Implementation challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: K to 12 Senior High School
  topic: keywords
subject: Philippines
  topic: keywords
subject: School leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Teachers’ experiences
  topic: keywords
creator: Fe R. Janiola
creator: Judy Ann O. Ferrater-Gimena
creator: Renato C. Sagayno
creator: Mauro Allan P. Amparado
creator: Rex T. Argate
creator: Rithsun J. Mamacos
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fe R. Janiola, Judy Ann O. Ferrater-Gimena, Renato C. Sagayno, Mauro Allan P. Amparado, Rex T. Argate, Rithsun J. Mamacos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1910
ending page: 1927
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.07

The Mediating Role of Financial Health on the Relationship Between Financial Personality Types, Credit Dependency, and Financial Preparedness for Emergencies among SUCs Educators: Basis for a Program
type: item
description: Section: Articles Keywords: Credit Dependency, Financial Health, Financial personality types, Financial preparedness for emergencies Due to the importance of financial preparedness for emergencies (FPE) in individuals’ financial emergency-resiliency, this study examined the mediating role of financial health (FH) on the relationship between financial personality types (FPT), credit dependency (CD), and financial preparedness for emergencies (FPE). Utilizing Yamane’s formula and purposive-convenience sampling, three hundred fifty-two respondents took part in the study, representing the population of educators from selected State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) from Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao in the Philippines. Descriptive, exploratory factor analysis, Pearson’s Moment Correlation, regression, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) were used to analyze the data. The results of the EFA have identified five FPT of SUCs educators. In addition, the result reveals a low level of CD, a good level of FH, and a moderate level of FPE. Moreover, FH fully mediates the relationship between FPT, CD, and FPE. The findings can be used as a basis for the formulation of a program that will help educators enhance their financial resilience by improving their FH, maintain low level of CD through wiser financial behavior in accordance with their respective FPT, and improving FPE.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Credit Dependency
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial personality types
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial preparedness for emergencies
  topic: keywords
creator: Nepthali Bacones
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nepthali Bacones https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1928
ending page: 1950
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.08

Cost Management Practices in the Aquaculture Industry
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Business Keywords: Aquaculture, Budgeting, Cost control, Cost management, Cost monitoring, Fish farmers Aquaculture is a big source of income for people living near the coast. For fish farmers, keeping track of costs is really important if they want their farms to keep running and actually make money. This study looked at how fish farmers in Anda, Labrador, and Binmaley, Pangasinan manage their costs, and how these practices relate to their backgrounds and business details. The research supports SDG 8, SDG 12, SDG 14, and SDG 17. The researchers used a quantitative, descriptive approach and surveyed 30 fish farmers with a validated questionnaire based on a 4-point Likert Scale. They used frequency counts and percentages to describe the participants and the average weighted mean to measure cost management practices. Spearman’s Rank-order Correlation identified significant relationships. The results showed that most farmers are careful with their money—they budget, monitor, and control their costs regularly. We also noticed that farmers with more experience and those who make more sales are usually better at managing their money. This means that learning from experienced farmers and sharing good practices could really help those who are just starting out.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business
  topic: category
subject: Aquaculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Budgeting
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost control
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost management
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Fish farmers
  topic: keywords
creator: Angelica R. Carolino
creator: Arly N. Visperas
creator: Jhona Jane C. Camba
creator: Kristine Joy S. Castillo
creator: Marylou G. Malapit
creator: Richiel G. Nidoy
creator: Lesel O. SulaSula
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Angelica R. Carolino, Arly N. Visperas, Jhona Jane C. Camba, Kristine Joy S. Castillo, Marylou G. Malapit, Richiel G. Nidoy, Lesel O. SulaSula https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1951
ending page: 1958
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.09

A Faculty Development Framework for Senior High School Teachers Based on Creativity, Skills, and Motivation
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: teacher creativity, domain-relevant skills, creative-thinking skills, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation This study examined the relationship among domain-relevant skills, creative thinking, and task motivation among Senior High School (SHS) teachers using a convergent parallel mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were gathered using the Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST), Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), and Work Preference Inventory (WPI), while qualitative insights were obtained from focus group discussions and classroom observations. Overall, teachers demonstrated high levels of domain-relevant skills and average levels of creative thinking skills, with relatively stronger performance observed in originality and fluency. In terms of motivation, teachers reported slightly higher levels of intrinsic motivation, particularly enjoyment, compared to challenge, while extrinsic motivation remained average, with compensation rated higher than external recognition. Correlation analysis did not reveal statistically significant relationships among the variables. However, qualitative findings highlighted the influence of both individual and contextual factors. Teachers emphasized intrinsic motivation, instructional practices, and institutional support as contributing to creativity, while also identifying constraints such as limited resources, heavy workloads, and limited professional development opportunities. These findings suggest that teacher creativity appears to be influenced by a combination of personal and environmental conditions rather than strong statistically significant relationships among the measured variables. Based on these findings, a faculty development framework is proposed to support teacher creativity through targeted professional development, improved institutional support, and resource provision, with the goal of fostering more innovative teachin…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Social Work
  topic: category
subject: teacher creativity
  topic: keywords
subject: domain-relevant skills
  topic: keywords
subject: creative-thinking skills
  topic: keywords
subject: intrinsic motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: extrinsic motivation
  topic: keywords
creator: Millet T. Mendoza
creator: Frederick A. Inoncillo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Millet T. Mendoza, Frederick A. Inoncillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1959
ending page: 1979
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.10

Interplay of Language Instruction and Academic Performance of Junior High School Students in Multilingual Classrooms
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work, Humanities, Social Sciences Keywords: Code-switching, Content area, Dialect, Multilingualism, Translanguaging Multilingual classrooms are educational settings where unique challenges and opportunities for language instruction can be found which requires pedagogical practices and approaches that are tailored to the linguistic diversity of students. This study investigated and examined the relationship between the interplay of the language of instruction and the academic performance of junior high school students in linguistically diverse settings like Masbate, with the goal of determining the impact of incorporating students' native languages alongside the target language. This study utilized a mixed-method research design specifically the explanatory-sequential research design. It also used the Kruskal-Wallis test as its statistical tool to analyse the relationship between language instruction methods and the academic performance of students in four content areas. Data on student academic performance and language use by teachers was collected through interview and survey. The participants of this study were 80 secondary teachers from 8 schools in the North and South Districts of Mandaonss. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between language instruction and students' academic performance with H = 13.753 and a p-value of 0.001032. These findings revealed that the language of instruction, used by teachers, significantly impacts student academic performance in multilingual classrooms. Thus, these support the idea that the use of multilingual approaches that incorporate students' native languages could be a key factor in the achievement of learning for students. Thus, this study suggests that further research should be conducted along with specific effective multilingual strategies to explore their long-term impact on student learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Social Work
  topic: category
subject: Humanities
  topic: category
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Code-switching
  topic: keywords
subject: Content area
  topic: keywords
subject: Dialect
  topic: keywords
subject: Multilingualism
  topic: keywords
subject: Translanguaging
  topic: keywords
creator: Rogie A. Saldivar
creator: Jessica M. Alcantara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rogie A. Saldivar, Jessica M. Alcantara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1980
ending page: 1989
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.11

From Understanding to Action: Exploring Sned Teachers in Implementing a School-Based Guidance Program
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Challenges, Coping mechanisms, Experiences, Guidance and counseling, Insights, Learners with special needs, Phenomenological design As inclusive education continues to develop, there remains limited research and awareness on how schools address the guidance needs of learners with disabilities. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, this study explored the lived experiences of 10 Special Needs Education (SNED) teachers of Magugpo Pilot Imelda Elementary School – SPED Center in implementing a school-based guidance program for learners with special needs. The researcher conducted in-depth interviews with SNED teachers to understand their experiences and challenges. The findings showed that the overall experiences of Special Needs Education (SNED) teachers in implementation of guidance programs involve taking on multiple roles, which SNED teachers find challenging and very tiring. The findings also revealed that the positive aspects of implementation include seeing learners make progress, seeing learners from self-contained to mainstream, and gain confidence. On the other hand, the challenges include a lack of trainings and expertise of teachers, limited resources, and teachers not being open to student. Additionally, at times, no guidance counselor available, or teachers sometimes work alone, which presents another challenge. The findings also highlighted ways to manage or address the challenges are through collaboration with stakeholders and parents, through resourcefulness, through exchange learning and through seeking peer support. Moreover, some regular teachers were not fully open to inclusive education practices. This study highlighted the need for professional development, sufficient resources, and stronger collaboration among teachers, administrators, and guidance personnel to ensure the effective delivery of guidance services for learners with special needs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Social Work
  topic: category
subject: Challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: Coping mechanisms
  topic: keywords
subject: Experiences
  topic: keywords
subject: Guidance and counseling
  topic: keywords
subject: Insights
  topic: keywords
subject: Learners with special needs
  topic: keywords
subject: Phenomenological design
  topic: keywords
creator: Zosie Joy G. Ruedas
creator: Felinita III R. Doronio
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zosie Joy G. Ruedas, Felinita III R. Doronio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 1990
ending page: 2000
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.12

Leadership Practices of Elementary School Heads in Zambales: Managing Resources for Effective School Operations
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: leadership practices, resource management, financial management, human resource management, physical resource management, school operations, educational success, school leaders, intervention program This study examines the leadership practices of elementary school heads in Zambales, focusing on how they manage financial, human, and physical resources and the impact on school operations. Using a descriptive quantitative research design, data were collected from 30 school heads and 535 teachers across various districts in Zambales. The findings reveal significant challenges, including resource misallocation, limited budgets, and complex regulatory requirements. Both school heads and teachers identified financial management as the top priority, with difficulties in budgeting, financial record-keeping, and procurement processes being the most pressing issues. In response, the study proposes an intervention program designed to improve resource management practices within schools. The program emphasizes enhancing financial transparency, setting clear performance expectations for staff, providing professional development opportunities, and fostering stronger partnerships between schools and community organizations. These strategies aim to equip school leaders with the tools to optimize resource allocation, streamline procurement processes, and improve overall operational efficiency. The study highlights the importance of effective resource management in ensuring sustainable, high-performing schools. The practical implications suggest that the Department of Education (DepEd) should prioritize district-level interventions to address the challenges identified in the study, particularly those related to financial management and leadership development. Such interventions are essential to improving resource allocation and leadership practices, ultimately enhancing school performance and student outcomes. The propo…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education and Social Work
  topic: category
subject: leadership practices, resource management, financial management, human resource management, physical resource management, school operations, educational success, school leaders, intervention program
  topic: keywords
creator: Florabel A. Fababier
creator: Marie Fe D. De Guzman
creator: Raymond D. Espiritu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Florabel A. Fababier, Marie Fe D. De Guzman, Raymond D. Espiritu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2001
ending page: 2020
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.13

Exploring the Intersectionality of Teenage Pregnancy, Rights, and Sexuality Education: A Case Study Analysis in Tugbok, Davao City
type: item
description: Section: Articles Keywords: Adolescent mothers, Davao City, Intersectionality, Philippines, Poverty, Sexuality education, Stigma, Teenage pregnancy This research sought to investigate the interplay between teenage pregnancy, human rights, and sexuality education in the Tugbok, District of Davao City. In spite of being such an important problem as that of teen pregnancy is, there seems to be very little attention given to it, especially when one takes into consideration poor and marginalized societies. There are several causes for teen pregnancy, such as peer pressure, poverty, internet, lack of parents' guidance, and poor or no knowledge of proper sexuality education at all. The qualitative case study approach was chosen for this research with semi-structured interviews conducted among four purposively sampled mothers aged between 17 and 19 who come from poor backgrounds as out-of-school youths in Tugbok District. From the thematic analysis, the following results emerged; First, dire poverty severely influenced the agency of the respondents, pushing some of them to engage in prostitution for economic reasons. Second, all respondents reported experiencing social stigma from their communities, leading to psychological problems like depression and even thoughts of committing suicide. Lastly, there was a major conflict about the necessity of sexuality education. While all acknowledged its practical benefits in preventing the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases, majority of the group members were opposed to the idea of its incorporation in schools at the primary level due to concerns of promoting early sexual experimentation and respect for the autonomy of adolescents in making their decisions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adolescent mothers
  topic: keywords
subject: Davao City
  topic: keywords
subject: Intersectionality
  topic: keywords
subject: Philippines
  topic: keywords
subject: Poverty
  topic: keywords
subject: Sexuality education
  topic: keywords
subject: Stigma
  topic: keywords
subject: Teenage pregnancy
  topic: keywords
creator: Elleyza L. Duka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Elleyza L. Duka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2021
ending page: 2032
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.14

Enhancing Safety of PCG Personnel Working on Vessel’s Enclosed Spaces through Capacity Building Program
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Accident prevention, Confined space entry, Maritime safety The rising cases of shipboard enclosed space accidents and deaths has increased the significance of providing the safety of maritime personnel. This paper evaluates awareness and knowledge levels of Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) staff on enclosed space entry, in three key areas, namely, regulations, equipment, and competence. It seeks to suggest an organized capacity-building initiative to improve safety measures and operational readiness on PCG ships. The paper is designed as a mixed research with a concurrent triangulation design. It gathers both quantitative data by surveying 312 PCG personnel on board ships with the help of a structured examination tool and qualitative information by conducting in-depth interviews with five veteran seafarers of the commercial ships. The researcher analyzed the results of the examination with the help of descriptive statistics and frequency distribution and conducted thematic content analysis of the transcript of the interviews. The results indicate that despite the majority of PCG respondents expressing overall knowledge of the dangers of enclosed spaces, there are still considerable knowledge gaps. Regarding regulations, most respondents demonstrate a minimum level of knowledge and are not familiar with the applicable international regulations. The level of knowledge of equipment is generally satisfactory, but the respondents lack the skills of using and preparing special tools needed in rescue and emergency cases. Competence is considered the weakest area, and the percentage of the personnel that exhibits poor knowledge of hazard identification, electrical safety, and emergency responses is significant.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Accident prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: Confined space entry
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime safety
  topic: keywords
creator: Denis R. Rapal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Denis R. Rapal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2033
ending page: 2060
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.15

Streamlining the Procurement Lifecycle: An Integrated Web-Based Platform for PPMP Consolidation and Document Tracking
type: item
description: Section: Articles Keywords: Document Tracking, ISO/IEC 25010:2023, Iterative and Incremental Development (IID), Procurement Lifecycle, PPMP Consolidation, Web-Based Platform The research dealt with the impracticality of the manual administrative procedure, as they came up with a research titled; "Streamlining the Procurement Lifecycle: An Integrated Web-Based System to Consolid and Track Documents in PPMP." The study was aimed at the digitalization of the entire end-to-end procurement process, i.e. through automating the consolidation of multi-campus Project Procurement Management Plans (PPMPs) and real-time tracking of document status. To accomplish this, it has been developed using the Iterative and Incremental Development (IID) model that enabled progress through the constant improvement of requirement, design, implementation, and testing activities. Field experts and end-users tested the system with the help of a research instrument based on the ISO /IEC 25010:2023 product quality framework. The interpretation of the data involved the use of a five-point Likert scale, with the resultant Grand Mean of 4.25, according to which the answer is Strongly Agree. It means that the platform proves to be the most effective in all the dimensions considered with the Security scoring the best mean of 4.35. The findings substantiate the fact that the integrated platform manages to simplify the procurement lifecycle by increasing the data integrity and drop in the administrative lead times. The paper identifies this recommendation to use this web-based solution as an alternative to the old manual systems and proposes its future interconnection with larger financial management environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Document Tracking
  topic: keywords
subject: ISO/IEC 25010:2023
  topic: keywords
subject: Iterative and Incremental Development (IID)
  topic: keywords
subject: Procurement Lifecycle
  topic: keywords
subject: PPMP Consolidation
  topic: keywords
subject: Web-Based Platform
  topic: keywords
creator: Rommel S. Pabustan
creator: Alaina Thea V. Concepcion
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rommel S. Pabustan; Alaina Thea V. Concepcion https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2061
ending page: 2074
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.16

Legislative Performance of the Sangguniang Panlungsod of Sorsogon City in Disaster Risk Reduction Management
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: communication flow, monitoring reports, post-typhoon response, provincial authorities, disaster communication This study evaluates the legislative and official decisions made by the Sangguniang Panglungsod of Sorsogon City regarding disaster management from 2022 and 2024. The research groups these legislations into the four phases of disaster management: Prevention and Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Rehabilitation and Recovery. By categorizing these legislations, the study indicates how these help the city to be resilient and emphasize areas which improvements in these policies are needed. A qualitative design was used, applying document and thematic analysis to review official city records. Findings indicates that the city government has made consistent progress in fund, resource allocation, and disaster risk management planning. However, the analysis indicates a lack of proper post evaluation. The study suggests that the Sangguniang Panglungsod should utilize a monitoring tool to bridge the gap on policy enactment and ground level enforcement of DRRM policies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: communication flow
  topic: keywords
subject: monitoring reports
  topic: keywords
subject: post-typhoon response
  topic: keywords
subject: provincial authorities
  topic: keywords
subject: disaster communication
  topic: keywords
creator: Jovelle L. Duana
creator: Carl Dominic D. Celestial
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jovelle L. Duana, Carl Dominic D. Celestial https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2075
ending page: 2079
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.17

Faculty Evaluation Decision Based System with Sentiments Analysis using Naïve Bayes Algorithm
type: item
description: Section: Articles Keywords: faculty evaluation, machine learning, Naïve Bayes Algorithm, sentiments analysis In the educational setting, the core element of education is the quality of instruction. This is truly evident as instruction has been one separate area in terms of educational and program accreditations. The main catalyst of instruction is the performance of teachers in terms of providing quality education. To evaluate faculty members, most academic institutions are using a standard instrument. The evaluation questionnaire consists of quantitative and qualitative questions. The quantitative question is typically answered using the Likert scale model. However, open feedback, typically, is not included in the performance evaluation or appraisal due to a lack of automated text analytics methods. The creation of a Faculty Evaluation Decision Based System with Sentiments Analysis using Naïve Bayes Algorithm provides a more comprehensive understanding of the teacher’s evaluation ratings. Evolutionary Prototyping Model was used as a software methodology which provides systematic and controlled procedures for building iterative prototypes. The model consists of four phases, which include, identification, design, construction or building, and evaluation. The overall rating of the respondents using the ISO/IEC 25010, or the Software Product Quality Model Criteria is 4.82 numerical rating with an interpretation of very acceptable. As observed all criteria are rated very acceptable which indicates a high standard has been set in the development of the system. The Naïve Bayes algorithm successfully categorized comments into negative and positive classifications. Mapping Analysis based on the evaluation results of the system was successfully embedded into the System.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: faculty evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Naïve Bayes Algorithm
  topic: keywords
subject: sentiments analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Rowell Santos
creator: Ana Lizel Del Poso
creator: Clarissa Vicente
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rowell Santos, Ana Lizel Del Poso, Clarissa Vicente https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2080
ending page: 2087
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.18

Development of Retrievr: A Line-Of-Sight Beacon System for Autonomous Object Return in Indoor Workspaces
type: item
description: Section: Articles Keywords: autonomous navigation, Bluetooth Low Energy, indoor automation, line-of-sight beacon, object return system, workspace organization This study presents the design, development, and evaluation of Retrierv, a wheeled autonomous device engineered to return loaded objects to their designated locations using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) line-of-sight beacon technology. Persistent challenges of object misplacement and spatial disorganization in indoor workspaces motivated this work. Retrierv integrates BLE modules for proximity-based positioning, a Force Sensitive Resistor (FSR) sensor for occupancy detection, and ultrasonic sensors for obstacle avoidance. A descriptive-developmental research design guided by Agile methodology was employed, with iterative prototype development and evaluation across multiple performance dimensions. Testing revealed a mean positional error of 2.72 cm, a maximum load capacity of 11.34 kg (25 lbs), and a mean navigation speed of 0.26 m/s. Quality assurance evaluation demonstrated high usability (System Usability Scale score of 82), strong occupancy detection reliability (98% accuracy), and effective obstacle avoidance (91% detection rate). However, reliability testing showed a Mean Time Between Failures of 42 hours, below the target threshold of 100 hours—an area needing refinement. Retrierv provides a viable and cost-effective solution for automated object repositioning, performing best in controlled indoor environments with hard flooring and moderate obstacle density.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: autonomous navigation, Bluetooth Low Energy, indoor automation, line-of-sight beacon, object return system, workspace organization
  topic: keywords
creator: Kevin C. Gaza
creator: Baron Terence S. Mijares
creator: Christine Paula C. Rodel
creator: Eliza B. Ayo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kevin C. Gaza, Baron Terence S. Mijares, Christine Paula C. Rodel, Eliza B. Ayo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2088
ending page: 2099
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.19

Managing Stakeholders in Elementary Schools: Leadership Practices for Effective School Operations in Zambales
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Communication practices, Conflict resolution, Educational Leadership, Engagement, Relationship- building, School leadership, Stakeholder management, Teacher involvement This study explored the leadership practices of elementary school leaders in managing stakeholders within public schools in Zambales, Philippines, with the aim of improving school operations and fostering a collaborative and inclusive educational environment. The research focused on leadership dimensions such as communication, engagement, relationship-building, and conflict resolution, considering the perspectives of both school leaders and teachers. Given the challenges in rural areas, including mismanagement of resources and low levels of stakeholder involvement, the study emphasized the crucial role of school leadership in overcoming these barriers. Using a descriptive quantitative research design, data were collected from 30 principals and 535 teachers from 15 public elementary schools. The results indicated that both leaders and teachers placed a high value on relationship-building, particularly through recognizing stakeholder contributions and maintaining consistent communication. Teachers highlighted the importance of active participation in decision-making processes, while principals emphasized proactive problem-solving and relationship development. The study also revealed that demographic variables, including age, gender, and educational qualifications, influenced the perceptions of leadership practices. Based on these findings, an intervention plan was proposed to enhance leadership practices in communication, engagement, and conflict resolution through targeted training. The anticipated outcomes of the intervention included improved stakeholder communication, increased teacher involvement in decision-making, strengthened relationships within the school community, and enhanced conflict resolution practices. Ultimately, the study aimed …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Communication practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Conflict resolution
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: Relationship- building
  topic: keywords
subject: School leadership
  topic: keywords
subject: Stakeholder management
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher involvement
  topic: keywords
creator: Marie Fe D. de Guzman
creator: Rene C. Dizon, Jr.
creator: Raymond D. Espiritu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Marie Fe D. de Guzman, Rene C. Dizon, Jr., Raymond D. Espiritu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2100
ending page: 2118
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.20

Examining the Association Between Tax Knowledge and Compliance Among Sole Proprietors in Olongapo City: A Moderation Study
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Compliance Behavior, Demographic Factors, Fiscal Psychology, Moderation Analysis This study aimed to explore the relationship between tax knowledge and level of compliance of individual taxpayers in Olongapo City, focusing specifically on the influence of variables such as age, education, income, and whether the taxpayer employs an accountant or tax professional. This study used a quantitative correlational design with data-collection done through a survey among 54 registered sole proprietors. The researcher used a combination of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and moderation analysis for the data gathered. The results indicated that the overall tax knowledge among the respondents was very high, as well as the overall compliance rates. Correlation analysis revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between tax knowledge and tax compliance (r values ranging from 0.744 to 0.891, p < .001), indicating that higher levels of tax knowledge are associated with better compliance in terms of timeliness and accuracy. Furthermore, moderation analysis showed that while tax knowledge positively predicts compliance, this link varies by demographics and operations: stronger for males (ẞ = .346, p = .008), lower- income proprietors (ẞ = -.107, p = .019), and those not hiring accountants (ẞ = -.477, p < .001, indicating a substitution effect where personal knowledge drives compliance without professionals), but unaffected by education, ẞ = -.082, p = .213).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Compliance Behavior, Demographic Factors, Fiscal Psychology, Moderation Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: John Kyro Mendoza
creator: Raven Choy Pungloy
creator: Frances Jhanine Reyes
creator: Nessa Belle Rull
creator: Crizzalin Eve Supnet
creator: Samantha Claire Vitug
creator: Ediric Gadia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 John Kyro Mendoza, Raven Choy Pungloy, Frances Jhanine Reyes, Nessa Belle Rull, Crizzalin Eve Supnet, Samantha Claire Vitug, Ediric Gadia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2119
ending page: 2136
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.21

The Effects of Influencer Follower Count on Consumer Perception and Purchase Behavior
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Consumer perception, Digital influence, Follower count, Influencer, Influencer exposure, Purchase behavior, Social-media marketing In this study, we analyze the influence of influencer follower count on purchase behavior and consumer perception in college students, and address an emerging gap in the social media-driven marketing research area. Influencers on the one hand have very different follower counts, credibility and knowledge on the other, and while little research has been done on how these factors affect consumers' responses. Based on digital consumer behavior and persuasion theory, we study three independent variables - follower count impact, consumer perception and purchase behavior - and how these predict consumer behavior. Using descriptive-correlational research design, we collected data from 394 college students through 5-point Likert scale surveys and the followers' characteristics (M = 3.49, Agree), consumer perception indicators (M = 3.09, Neutral) and purchase behavior (M = 3.40, Neutral). We found that the follower count impact is strongly correlated with consumer perception (R² = .43, F = 117.59, p < .001) and purchase behavior (R² = .49, F = 380.25, p < .001). Likewise, consumer perception influenced purchase behavior strongly (R² = .49, F = 380.25, p < .001). Furthermore, a study also demonstrated that influencer exposure and follower count shape purchase behavior directly and indirectly through consumer perception, which is the most important way to link influencer cues to buying behavior.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Consumer perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital influence
  topic: keywords
subject: Follower count
  topic: keywords
subject: Influencer
  topic: keywords
subject: Influencer exposure
  topic: keywords
subject: Purchase behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Social-media marketing
  topic: keywords
creator: Airavelle L. Abellana
creator: Joseph P. Barbadillo
creator: Dessa Kaye B. Basul
creator: Aubrey Ann R. Castañares
creator: Julia Fernanda S. Ceniza
creator: Neil A. Dela Cruz
creator: Lalaine O. Narsico
creator: Peter G. Narsico
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Airavelle L. Abellana, Joseph P. Barbadillo, Dessa Kaye B. Basul, Aubrey Ann R. Castañares, Julia Fernanda S. Ceniza, Neil A. Dela Cruz, Lalaine O. Narsico, Peter G. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2137
ending page: 2152
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.22

Instructional Supervision in a State University: Needs Analysis for an Evidence-Based Mentoring Program
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Competence, Evidence-based mentoring program, Instructional supervision The aim of this study is to determine the instructional supervision needs of college instructors in a state university. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used, involving 695 instructors in the quantitative phase and 10 instructional supervision experts in the qualitative phase. Based on the results of the study, college instructors indicated their need to be mentored with direct assistance, professional development, group development, curriculum development, communication skills, mastery of the subject matter, and research. These needs are essential to improving instructors’ competence in delivering quality instruction. Qualitative findings further highlighted the need for evidence-based instructional supervision strategies including the need to provide opportunities for content knowledge enhancement and provision of instructional resources; engaging college instructors in capability enhancement programs; and developing instructional supervision and management practices. The results reveal gaps in both pedagogy and content expertise that affect instructional quality. The mentoring program was proposed as an evidence-based in addressing these gaps, enhancing instructors’ competence, strengthening instructional supervision practices, and contributing to improved student learning outcomes through more effective teaching.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Competence
  topic: keywords
subject: Evidence-based mentoring program
  topic: keywords
subject: Instructional supervision
  topic: keywords
creator: Marifi M. Malonzo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Marifi M. Malonzo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2153
ending page: 2173
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.23

Commuter Boarding Management Practices and its Effects on Passenger Experience at Cebu South Bus Terminal, Philippines
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Boarding Management, Cebu South Bus Terminal, Commuter Satisfaction, Passenger Experience, Public Transportation Effective boarding is necessary for the maintenance of order and promoting commuter satisfaction in high-traffic terminals. Long queues and delays remain an ongoing problem at Cebu South Bus Terminal. The effectiveness of boarding management practices and their impact on commuter satisfaction was investigated in this paper. We employed descriptive-correlational design with 511 commuters (18–50 years old) who use the terminal regularly. Data was collected using a structured survey using a five-point Likert scale to evaluate the adoption of boarding practices and passenger satisfaction. All data were summarised in weighted means, and simple linear regression was used to check the relationships between variables. (mean = 3.37) Boarding management practices were rated as Occasionally Observed (with strengths in fairness, announcements, and lane discipline, but weakness in staff availability and boarding time). Passenger experience was equally Occasionally Observed (mean = 3.35) with safety and willingness to recommend rated higher than waiting time and comfort. Results from regression analysis (R = 0.871; R² = 0.759; p < 0.001) confirmed a strong positive relationship between boarding practices and passenger satisfaction and significant effect was also confirmed by coefficient analysis (β = 0.895). Boarding management has a strong prediction of passenger satisfaction: 76% of the variance in the passenger satisfaction. Operational improvements should emphasize staffing, communication, lane discipline, and fairness (supported by standardizing the operations through standardization, training, and real-time monitoring) based on Standard Operating Procedures. Further investigations might focus on technological assistance methods, passenger segmentation, and longitudinal evaluations to assess the effects of in…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Boarding Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Cebu South Bus Terminal
  topic: keywords
subject: Commuter Satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Passenger Experience
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Transportation
  topic: keywords
creator: Keers E. Adolfo
creator: Oudy Francis A. Acedo
creator: Mova M. Alicaway
creator: Gwendolyn G. Anoya
creator: Kristine A. Aratia
creator: Nesta Rudy Marcus P. Flores
creator: Lalaine O. Narsico
creator: Peter G. Narsico
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Keers E. Adolfo, Oudy Francis A. Acedo, Mova M. Alicaway, Gwendolyn G. Anoya, Kristine A. Aratia, Nesta Rudy Marcus P. Flores, Lalaine O. Narsico, Peter G. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2174
ending page: 2187
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.24

Exploring the Relationships Between the Farmers Farm Expenses, Land Size, and Sugarcane Yield: Evidence from the Philippines
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Descriptive-correlation, Farm expenses, Krustal-Wallis H test, Landholdings, Normality test, Sugarcane production, Variables relationship, Volume of production Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum, L.) is a perennial plant in the Poaceae family. In the Philippines, the industry is a major dollar source of income, contributing around Php 70 billion annually. The study aims to investigate the relationships between landholding size, average farm expenses, and sugarcane production volume in the Philippines. Employed in this study is the descriptive-correlation method. The instrument used was the validated survey questionnaire which is designed for correlating farmers’ expenses, land size as well as the yield of sugarcane. The 320 sugarcane farmers were randomly identified at the seven locations in the Visayas area of the Philippines. Results indicate that the majority of the area is small (69.7%), with a very high expense (38.4%) and low production (53.9%) of <49 TC/ha. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) implied that there’s a significant difference in the production of sugarcane among the different locations in the Philippines. Furthermore, results implied that the size of landholdings and average farm expenses significantly influence the production (alpha = 0.01). Relatively, the landholding size and average farm expenses strongly correlate with the volume of production (alpha = 0.01). The economies of scale are a very crucial parameter in the sugarcane growing business. The size of landholding and average expense have a direct contribution to the level of production. The government should now re-evaluate programs and projects related to downsizing farmers’ area and subsidizing farm operations. Review of policy to support the sugarcane farmer in terms of financing and land distribution should be done immediately.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Descriptive-correlation
  topic: keywords
subject: Farm expenses
  topic: keywords
subject: Krustal-Wallis H test
  topic: keywords
subject: Landholdings
  topic: keywords
subject: Normality test
  topic: keywords
subject: Sugarcane production
  topic: keywords
subject: Variables relationship
  topic: keywords
subject: Volume of production
  topic: keywords
creator: Paulino A Oñal, Jr.
creator: Bro. Jian Meng Yuan
creator: Paulino Miguel M. Oñal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paulino A Oñal, Jr., Bro. Jian Meng Yuan, Paulino Miguel M. Oñal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2188
ending page: 2198
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.25

https://ijmaberjournal.org/index.php/ijmaber/article/view/3445
type: item
title: Enhancing Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Skills of Accounting Students at Sorsogon State University – Bulan Campus: Evidence-Based Strategies for Improving Licensure Examination for Certified Public Accountants (LECPA) Performance
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Accounting Students, Certified Public Accountants Licensure Examination, Critical Thinking skills, Problem Solving Skills This study aimed to assess the critical thinking and problem-solving skills of accounting students at Sorsogon State University – Bulan Campus and explore evidence-based strategies to enhance these competencies for improved performance in the Licensure Examination for Certified Public Accountants (LECPA). Specifically, the study sought to (1) review and analyze the CPALE performance ratings of accounting graduates, (2) assess the current level of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and (3) identify strategies to strengthen these skills and improve licensure outcomes. A mixed-methods descriptive-evaluative research design was employed. Quantitative data were gathered from pre- and post-assessments of students’ critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as official CPALE results from 2016 to 2024. Qualitative data were obtained through structured interviews and surveys of purposively sampled accounting faculty, program administrators, and students who had taken the CPA board examination. Quantitative analysis measured competency levels, while thematic analysis of qualitative data identified patterns regarding the effectiveness of evidence-based strategies. Findings revealed that accounting students’ critical thinking and problem-solving skills are moderate, with a mean score of 62%, reflecting gaps in higher-order cognitive competencies necessary for licensure success. CPALE performance exhibited significant fluctuations over the years, highlighting systemic challenges in preparing students for professional practice. Evidence-based interventions including enhancement and tutorial classes, technology-based learning, curriculum and policy enhancements, financial and moral support, strict retention policies, benchmarking with top-performing schools, and regular qualifying exa…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Accounting Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Certified Public Accountants Licensure Examination
  topic: keywords
subject: Critical Thinking skills
  topic: keywords
subject: Problem Solving Skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Atty. Michael B. Bongalonta
creator: Michelle M. Bongalonta
creator: Diana V. Sales
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Atty. Michael B. Bongalonta, Michelle M. Bongalonta, Diana V. Sales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2199
ending page: 2209
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.26

Motivation to Stay, Job Satisfaction, and Workplace Challenges Among Regular Employees Amidst the Privatization of Government-Owned Casinos
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: government-owned casinos, job satisfaction, motivation to stay, working conditions, workplace challenges With the ongoing privatization of government-owned casinos, this imperative decision to improve operations and fair-market competition for the gaming industry comes with workplace challenges that directly affect the tenured employees of the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR). Based on these, the quantitative-descriptive study concentrated on examining the motivation to stay, job satisfaction, and workplace challenges of the rank-and-file employees across Luzon, who were selected through stratified random sampling. The data was collected using a structured survey, which was designed to measure the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, as well as challenges (job security, career advancement, and working conditions) of the employees. Through the utilization of the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test, the significant differences of participants demographically amongst the mentioned variables are determined. Moreover, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to identify significant relationships between motivation to stay, job satisfaction, and employee challenges. Results revealed significant differences in workplace challenges and job satisfaction amidst the privatization. Furthermore, perceived job security and both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were found to have been key predictors of employees’ motivation to stay. The findings suggest that transparent communication regarding retirement transition packages, job role recalibration, and enhanced performance appraisal, as well as compensation frameworks that consider the employees’ age, tenure, position, and job grade, are the most critical levers for maintaining workforce stability, motivation, and retention. These insights could guide PAGCOR and policymakers in formulating employee-centered strategies tha…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: government-owned casinos, job satisfaction, motivation to stay, working conditions, workplace challenges
  topic: keywords
creator: Rolando R. Calma
creator: Percival B. Salise
creator: Aira Mae M. Salamatin
creator: Ken Paul M. Espinosa
creator: Sammy Isidro P. Pagaduan
creator: Michele G. Mendoza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rolando R. Calma, Percival B. Salise, Aira Mae M. Salamatin, Ken Paul M. Espinosa, Ken Paul M. Espinosa, Sammy Isidro P. Pagaduan, Michele G. Mendoza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2210
ending page: 2227
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.27

The Influence of Psychological Triggers, Content Engagement, and Self-Regulation on the Relationship Between Social Media Ads and Impulsive Buying
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Consumer behavior, Content-driven influence, Digital marketing strategies, Impulsive buying behavior, Psychological triggers, Self-regulation, Social media advertising Social media advertising has been extensively investigated as an influential factor to consumer behavior, but little research investigates how psychological triggers, content-driven factors, and self-regulation jointly influence impulsive buying. This gap is filled by an exploration of their joint influence. Experimental Design This study was quantitative, descriptive-correlational in nature, and comprised 392 university students in Cebu City, Philippines. An online survey that measured social media ad exposure, psychological triggers, content-driven influence, self-regulation, and impulsive buying was conducted. The reliability test resulted in Cronbach’s alpha of 0.8542. We employed regression analysis to evaluate relationships among variables. Respondents generally agreed with the statements that they were exposed to social media ads (M = 3.59) and practiced self-regulation (M = 3.86), while impulsive buying tendencies were neutral (M = 2.85). Moderately influential factors were psychological triggers (M = 3.22) and content-driven factors (M = 3.36). The multiple regression showed that the influence of psychological triggers and content-driven factors were the most positive with regard to impulsive buying, while self-regulation was negatively correlated. Exposure to social media ads was found to be less strongly, but significantly, positively associated. The full model accounted for 57% of the variance in impulsive buying. Implication is that impulsive purchasing is determined more by persuasive cues and psychological factors than exposure only, and self-regulation is a protective factor. Marketers should drive engagement for content and ethical action, educators and policy makers should promote financial literacy and self-discipline in their …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Consumer behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Content-driven influence
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital marketing strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Impulsive buying behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological triggers
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Social media advertising
  topic: keywords
creator: Hannah Nichole V. Gonzales
creator: Ralph Clarence M. Laraga
creator: Niña Fatima Rainy B. Lopez
creator: Mart Francesfil R. Paug
creator: Sol Andrew L. Pegarido
creator: Kyrah Alodia A. Yanson
creator: Lalaine O. Narsico
creator: Peter G. Narsico
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hannah Nichole V. Gonzales, Ralph Clarence M. Laraga, Niña Fatima Rainy B. Lopez, Mart Francesfil R. Paug, Sol Andrew L. Pegarido, Kyrah Alodia A. Yanson, Lalaine O. Narsico, Peter G. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-23
publication date: 2026-05-23
starting page: 2228
ending page: 2245
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.28

Gender-Based Harassment Legislation in Higher Education: Awareness and Policy Implications Under the Philippine Safe Spaces Act
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Current Events and Controversial Issues Keywords: Campus safety, Gender-based sexual harassment, Philippine legislation, Policy implementation, Safe Spaces Act of 2018, Students and staff The Philippines enacted the Safe Spaces Act of 2018, to prevent and address gender-based sexual harassment in public and private spaces, including educational institutions. As higher education institutions play a vital role in socialization, personal development, and norm formation, awareness and effective implementation of the Act among students and staff are essential in ensuring safe, inclusive, and harassment-free learning environments. This study assessed the extent of awareness of the Safe Spaces Act of 2018 among students and staff of a higher education institution in Tagaytay City, Philippines, examined differences in awareness when respondents were grouped according to demographic and professional profiles, and proposed policy-oriented recommendations. Employing a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered from 535 respondents comprising students, teaching, and non-teaching personnel using a validated awareness survey based on a four-point Likert scale. Statistical analyses included frequency distribution, weighted mean, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Scheffé tests. Results revealed an overall Very High Level of Awareness of the Safe Spaces Act (overall mean = 3.50), indicating strong institutional compliance supported by awareness programs, clear policies, reporting mechanisms, and enforcement measures. No significant difference in awareness was found when respondents were grouped by gender; however, significant differences emerged when grouped according to role, age, and years of stay in the institution, with teaching personnel, older respondents, and those with longer institutional tenure demonstrating higher awareness levels.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Current Events and Controversial Issues
  topic: category
subject: Campus safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender-based sexual harassment
  topic: keywords
subject: Philippine legislation
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: Safe Spaces Act of 2018
  topic: keywords
subject: Students and staff
  topic: keywords
creator: Christine P. Lagrada
creator: Elizabeth Buena-Villa
creator: Julius Guiller G. Luis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Christine P. Lagrada, Elizabeth Buena-Villa, Julius Guiller G. Luis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-24
publication date: 2026-05-24
starting page: 2246
ending page: 2274
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.29

Community Compliance with Fishing Ordinances in the Coastal Municipalities of Bohol Province
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing, Fisheries Law Enforcement, Coastal Governance, Municipal Fisheries Management, Marine Conservation Compliance Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing continues to threaten marine biodiversity, coastal food security, and local governance across the Philippine archipelago. While national laws such as Republic Act No. 10654 outline strict penalties for destructive fishing practices, localized enforcement challenges continue to be significant at the municipal level, where daily compliance and implementation are directly tested. Employing a quantitative descriptive-correlational research design, this study targeted various stakeholders across the 30 coastal municipalities of Bohol. Data were collected via a validated structured survey questionnaire administered to local chief executives; Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO) personnel; military/uniformed law enforcement officers (via convenience sampling); and community residents (via proportionate selection or complete enumeration). While institutional enhancements like the Police Environment Desk exist, actual ordinance compliance is heavily constrained by operational deficiencies—including inadequate patrol boats, insufficient fuel, limited manpower, and fragmented multi-agency communication—alongside economic pressures and awareness gaps among small-scale fisherfolk. Effective local fisheries management relies on an interdependent ecosystem of legal authority, enforcement capability, and civic alignment. Simply enacting ordinances is insufficient to deter violations. To bridge these compliance and implementation gaps, the study proposes a responsive, multi-tiered action plan focused on strengthening local seaborne patrol visibility, upgrading logistical support for first responders, solidifying inter-agency collaboration channels, and enhancing community-driven conservation educa…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Illegal
  topic: keywords
subject: Unreported
  topic: keywords
subject: and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing
  topic: keywords
subject: Fisheries Law Enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: Coastal Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Municipal Fisheries Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine Conservation Compliance
  topic: keywords
creator: Antonio Flores Jr.
creator: Princess Beronica Esteban
creator: Grace Alincastre
creator: Reynante Malvar
creator: Johnnyboy Itcay
creator: Ian Christian Filipino
creator: Joel Pagkaliwangan
creator: Mhel Jeric De Torres
creator: Justeofino Hinlayagan
creator: Elizabeth Villa Villa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Antonio Flores Jr., Princess Beronica Esteban, Grace Alincastre, Reynante Malvar, Johnnyboy Itcay, Ian Christian Filipino, Joel Pagkaliwangan, Mhel Jeric De Torres, Justeofino Hinlayagan, Antonio Flores Jr., Elizabeth Villa Villa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-24
publication date: 2026-05-24
starting page: 2275
ending page: 2319
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.30

Kaalaman at Kasanayan Sa Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) of Pre-Service Teachers in A State University: A Basis for Curriculum Enhancement
type: item
description: Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: competency, curriculum enhancement, Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP), pre-service teachers A competent teacher demonstrates purpose in making teaching and learning meaningful. Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) requires mastery of both content knowledge and pedagogical skills across its five learning areas. Teacher expertise significantly influences instructional quality, often surpassing the impact of physical learning resources. In Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE), where theory meets hands-on application, both knowledge and skills are essential. Teachers must be well-prepared to demonstrate key concepts, model practical skills, and guide students toward meaningful, real-world learning experiences laying the foundation for future livelihood opportunities. The study used a mixed-method research design, specifically a sequential explanatory approach, to collect data in assessing the knowledge and skills competencies of pre-service teachers in EPP. The data was gathered from 20 Pre-service teachers at President Ramon Magsaysay State University – San Marcelino Campus through survey questionnaires and qualitative responses. Descriptive statistics was used to determine competency levels, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. The findings revealed Pre-service teachers were proficient in Home Economics and ICT but developing in Agriculture, Industrial Arts, and Entrepreneurship. The challenges included limited access to tools and materials, insufficient hands-on learning opportunities, inadequate instructional resources, and time constraints affecting effective course implementation. To address these issues, the researchers recommend integrating curriculum enrichment strategies such as resource speakers who are experts in their respective fields, workshops, project-based learning, experiential and collaborative activities, and strengthened school-community partnerships…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social Sciences
  topic: category
subject: competency, curriculum enhancement, Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP), pre-service teachers
  topic: keywords
creator: Yesha Marie Mayola Ferido
creator: Janna Mae Elemento Ladringan
creator: Ejie Buen Bernardino
creator: Allysa Mae Gallardo Mayola
creator: Irasha Mae Badar Fabros
creator: Joseline Ragat Tamoria
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yesha Marie Mayola Ferido, Janna Mae Elemento Ladringan, Ejie Buen Bernardino, Allysa Mae Gallardo Mayola, Irasha Mae Badar Fabros, Joseline Ragat Tamoria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-24
publication date: 2026-05-24
starting page: 2320
ending page: 2348
doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.07.05.31