International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research
Name: International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research E-ISSN: 2774-5368 DOI: 10.11594/ijmaber Period: Monthly (Since 2021) Indexing and Abstracting: Google Scholar, Crossref, Dimensions, ROAD, Scilit, Garuda, ICI Copernicus, ScienceGate, ISI Indexing, Semantic Scholar, EBSCO and others in progress Partnered with: ReviewerCredits and Publons Publication Guidelines: COPE Guidelines Publisher: Future Science, Malang, Indonesia / FSH-PH Publications, Subic, Zambales, Philippines Founded: 2020 Article Processing Charges 60 USD / Papers. The International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research is peer-reviewed on a monthly basis and publishes full-length papers with a fast review process. It is to enhance the dissemination of knowledge across the multidisciplinary community. We are particularly interested in papers relevant to all disciplines. The editorial board has kept receiving articles that address all areas. Topics: Arts, Business, Economics, and Management; Current Events and Controversial Issues; Education and Social Work; Health Sciences; Humanities; Natural and Physical Sciences; Social Sciences; and Other Relevant Multidisciplinary.
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Knowledge and Attitude of Public Administration Students Towards Sustainable Development Goals in Puerto Princesa City, Philippines
Section: Articles Keywords: Attitude, Curriculum, Governance, Knowledge, Public Administration, SDGs, Sustainable Development, Sustainability This study investigates the knowledge and attitudes of Public Administration students regarding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on their understanding of key concepts and their disposition toward embracing sustainability principles—attributes essential for their future roles as public administrators. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed at a state university in the Philippines. The respondents were selected through purposive and convenience sampling, comprising 194 students across all year levels enrolled in the first semester of the academic year 2024–2025. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. Aligned with the research objectives, frequency and percentage were used to assess the students’ knowledge of the SDGs, while a five-point Likert scale, mean, and standard deviation were utilized to examine their attitudes toward these goals. Results revealed that most students possess strong knowledge of the SDGs, particularly in environmental protection, economic growth, and social equity. However, limited awareness of the 2030 target year indicates a need for further educational reinforcement. Attitude assessments showed positive perceptions of sustainability, emphasizing gender equality, environmental consciousness, and integrating sustainable practices in governance and education. The study concludes that while Public Administration students demonstrate commendable knowledge and favorable attitudes toward sustainability, universities should further integrate SDG-related content into their curricula and promote experiential learning through community engagement and advocacy initiatives to strengthen students’ preparedness for sustainable public governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Louella Martina Era https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Development of a Compact LED-Based Double-Sided PCB Exposure Unit for Instructional Applications
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: ADDIE model, developmental research, double-sided PCB, electronics education, instructional technology, ISO 9126 quality model, laboratory equipment evaluation, LED-based PCB exposure unit This paper was intended to design, develop, and test a single-sided and double-sided printed circuit board (PCB) double-sided exposure unit involving LED to be used in teaching electronics at electronics laboratories. To achieve its study, the research used a Research and Development (R&D) methodology with the ADDIE model that consists of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The device was constructed during the development phase using local materials and an integrated control board comprising of regulated power supply, timer board, each panel of LED, and an alignment system to process a double-sided PCB. Performance testing was done to identify some of the operational parameters, which include DC voltage output, current output, PCB exposure time, development time and etching time. The first trial of optimization showed that with exposure time of 20 seconds, clear and well-defined patterns of the circuit were obtained without affecting quality. The acceptability was measured using a structured evaluation tool that was based on ISO/IEC 9126 standard of quality in electronic engineering to the members of electronics faculty, as well as, students at the Bulacan State University - Main and Bustos campuses. Evaluations made on the device are on the aspects of functionality, reliability, usability, maintainability, portability, operability, and safety. The findings revealed that there was an overall rating all criteria of high ratings that were marked as very acceptable with the computed grand mean of 4.78, representing high satisfaction and an instruction based appropriateness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Remen R. Robles https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Development of an Automated Monitoring System for Class Schedules and Student Attendance in Higher Education
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work, Social Sciences Keywords: Automated monitoring system, Class Schedule Management, ISO/IEC 25010, Radio frequency Identification, Rapid Application Development Information and communication technology has also greatly enhanced administration in academics especially in keeping track of the time of classes and attendance of students. Nonetheless, several higher education institutions continue to use manual and traditional approaches, which are time-consuming and inefficient for managing and monitoring attendance records. This paper set out to design and develop an automated system of monitoring schedules and attendance of students based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. The system was created on the basis of the Rapid Application Development (RAD) model, which focuses on the iterative design, rapid prototyping and constant user feedback. The mixed-methods design was used which relied on descriptive-survey design to evaluate and analyze the current system as well as analyze the developed solution. The major features of the system include classroom status monitoring, classroom management based on the Create, Read, Update, and Delete (CRUD) operations, RFID-based attendance tracking, and real-time reporting. It also consists of role-based access control in order to provide system security and data integrity. The developed system was tested with ISO/IEC 25010 Software Quality Model in the context of functional appropriateness, dependability, protection, ease of use, and efficiency of performance. The results of the summary of the answers gave the overall mean of 4.88 which is considered to be excellent. Security received the most rating (4.94), then performance efficiency (4.93) and usability (4.92) meaning that the system is secure, efficient and easy to use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teresita G. Dela Cruz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Critical Thinking Disposition, Critical Thinking Skills, and Academic Performance of Prospective Social Studies Teachers: A Mediation Analysis
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Academic Performance, Critical Thinking Disposition, Critical Thinking Skills, Social Studies, Prospective Teachers, Teacher Education Critical thinking is necessary among prospective social studies teachers so they can cultivate similar ability among their students. The critical thinking disposition motivates individuals to use their critical thinking skills, enabling them to make reasoned decisions or achieve outcomes. However, the influence of critical thinking disposition and skills on academic performance remains underexplored, particularly in Social Studies. Determining the critical thinking levels of prospective teachers and their academic performance is imperative to provide insights into the status of critical thinking among them. How they leverage the ability to achieve academic success indicates the application and development of critical thinking in the Social Studies program. Using a quantitative explanatory design, this study examined the effect of critical thinking disposition on the academic performance of prospective Social Studies teachers using critical thinking skills as a mediating variable. It employed total population sampling and involved 126 prospective Social Studies teachers enrolled at a comprehensive State University in the Philippines during the 1st Semester of AY 2025-2026. Adopted questionnaires on critical thinking disposition and skills were used as data collection tools. Frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used to describe academic performance, critical thinking disposition, and skills, while mediation analysis examined the relationships among variables. Findings revealed that Social Studies students demonstrate strong critical thinking disposition and skills, as well as above-average academic performance. It concluded that although critical thinking skill is inversely associated with students’ achievement, critical thinking disposition is a strong predictor of academic performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michelle M. Del Rosario, Agnes S. Tuazon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Macroeconomic Determinants of Unemployment in the Philippines: Evidence from 1996–2025
Section: Articles Categories: Economics Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, FDI Net Inflows, global GDP growth rate, Global Financial Crisis, Inflation Rate, Population Growth Rate, Trade Openness, Unemployment Rate Unemployment remains a major concern in the Philippines despite periods of sustained economic growth. This study examines the macroeconomic determinants of unemployment in the Philippines from 1996 to 2025 by analyzing the effects of GDP growth rate, inflation rate, trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI) net inflows, population growth rate, and structural break variables representing the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Using annual time-series data, the study employs multiple linear regression through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to determine the relationships among macroeconomic variables and unemployment. Results indicate that population growth rate, trade openness, and the COVID-19 pandemic have significant positive effects on unemployment, while GDP growth rate, inflation rate, FDI net inflows, and the Global Financial Crisis show no significant effects. The findings suggest that unemployment in the Philippines is influenced more by structural conditions than by traditional macroeconomic relationships. Rapid population growth contributes to labor supply pressures, while trade openness creates varying employment outcomes across domestic industries. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted labor market conditions. The study highlights the importance of strengthening the economy’s capacity to absorb a growing workforce through employment-oriented policies and structural improvements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michael Angelo V. Mortel, Shaine Russelle A. Aga, Clarissa Mae M. Roque, Emmanuel V. Labrador, Ma. Andrea Joyce S. Castro, Krezia May B. Navarro, Allen Grace M. Sarmiento https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AI-Assisted Research Mentoring in Graduate Thesis Writing: A Reflective Inquiry on the Use of ChatGPT
Section: Articles Categories: Current Events and Controversial Issues, Education and Social Work Keywords: Academic development, Artificial intelligence, Ethical transparency, Human-AI collaboration, Scholarly writing This reflective inquiry examined how ChatGPT facilitated the author’s graduate thesis-writing journey as an AI-assisted mentor, co-thinking partner, and writing support tool. Anchored on a scholarly reflective inquiry design, the article drew from the researcher’s lived experience in developing a thesis on theory-based metacognitive instructional design in mathematics education. Reflective data were gathered from the researcher’s thesis-writing experiences, AI-assisted interactions, manuscript revisions, defense preparation, and personal realizations throughout the research process. Thematic reflective analysis showed that ChatGPT supported conceptual clarification, methodological organization, scholarly writing, results alignment, and defense preparation. More importantly, AI interaction prompted the researcher to monitor understanding, regulate revisions, question uncertain outputs, and evaluate suggestions against theoretical, methodological, and scholarly evidence. However, the inquiry also emphasized that ChatGPT remained a fallible tool requiring source verification, numerical checking, human revision, adviser guidance, and researcher accountability. The study concludes that ChatGPT may serve as a meaningful AI-assisted research mentor when used critically, transparently, and ethically. Its strongest contribution lies not in replacing scholarly work, but in helping the researcher think more clearly, write more coherently, and develop greater confidence in the research process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jay L. Galimpin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Gen Z Stare on Reddit: Youth Nonverbal Communication in the Contemporary Era
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Gen Z Stare, Generation Z, non-verbal communication, emotional avoidance, intergenerational misinterpretation, Reddit discussions The “Gen Z Stare” is a blank or expressionless stare given in response to situations where verbal reactions are expected. Based on online Reddit discussions, this study aims to identify (1) its contexts, (2) its motivation, (3) and its place in intergenerational miscommunication. The findings suggest that the stare is a form of nonverbal communication associated with emotional avoidance, digital socialization, and limited social skills. It commonly occurs under social pressure, in customer-service interactions, or when encountering “offensive” or “nonsensical” statements, and is usually caused by emotional fatigue, an anxiety freeze response, or a way of setting boundaries. Older generations frequently misinterpret it because of their difference in terms of communication norms and digital exposure. This study imparts a more critical understanding of the social and psychological factors associated with Gen Z communication practices and could substantiate further inquiry into comparable nonverbal expressions among younger generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cleone Fiona Calalo, Bella Antoni Javier, Charlize Sofia Las, Shyannah Olegario, Angelo Yzmael Salces, Lailah Gabrienne Sarmiento, De. Leslie Anne Liwanag, Lois Mauri Anne Liwanag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Teacher Empowerment Framework for Enhancing Professional Capability: Evidence from a Mixed-Methods Study
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Educational management, Framework development, Professional agency, School leadership, Teacher empowerment, Teacher capabilities Teacher empowerment remains a critical concern in public education because it influences teachers’ professional agency, participation in school improvement, instructional effectiveness, and capacity to contribute meaningfully to educational change. Building from a previously conducted mixed-method investigation on teacher empowerment among public school teachers and school heads in Tagbilaran City and Bohol Divisions, this article presents the development of a research-based teacher empowerment framework. The empirical foundation of the framework was drawn from quantitative findings involving school administrators and teachers, as well as qualitative insights from selected participants. The original study revealed that school heads perceived teacher empowerment more favorably than teachers themselves, particularly in the domains of decision-making and impact. While professional growth and self-efficacy were rated highly by both groups, teachers reported more moderate levels of empowerment in decision-making. Qualitative findings further identified inclusive leadership, trust, role assignment, support, collaboration, and communication as enabling conditions, while micromanagement, limited autonomy, restrictive decision-making, insufficient engagement, and lack of transparency served as hindering factors. Based on these findings, the proposed framework highlights five key areas: decision-making autonomy, professional development access, trust and recognition, collaborative leadership, and empowerment in practice. The framework offers practical guidance for school heads, teachers, and education supervisors in designing school-level mechanisms that strengthen teacher participation, professional agency, and shared accountability. The article contributes to educational management literature by translating mixed-method findings into an actionable framework for teacher empowerment in public school contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rex U. Celosia, Maria Liesle A. Dopeno, Jay L. Galimpin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conversations in Social Distancing: Breakdown and Repair
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Communication breakdown, Communication repair, Communication barriers, Conversations, Social distancing This study aimed to know the conversational breakdown during the pandemic in the context of social distancing, how it is repaired and what are the barriers that cause the communication breakdown. This is a qualitative research design through the phenomenology approach. This is conducted through extensive focusing and observation of the researchers on the lived communication processes during the pandemic. The study was conducted in the respective barangays, namely: Abihilan of Candijay, Guinacot and Mayuga of Guindulman, Botoc Oriental of Loay, and Hinlayagan Ilaud of Trinidad in the Province of Bohol. The result of the study shows that communication breakdown in instances where there are gatherings, business transactions, and interpersonal conversations. The interlocutor finds ways to repair the breakdown, like repeating their response, modifying their answers by adding and subtracting words or phrases, and recasting. These repair strategies can be done through verbal and non-verbal responses. Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the researchers were able to make recommendations such as: suggest vendors to put pricelist or any visual attractive communication of the goods that they sell, propose to the Sangguniang Barangay plans for accessibility guidelines like acoustic or visual accessibility guidelines in the public offices or in any of the public spaces, modify the use of hand signals as an awareness disasters and calamities and safety purposes and lastly, future researchers may look at other scenarios where breakdown usually happens and find out strategies of repair in the context of during and post pandemic, election campaign period,
Copyright (c) 2026 Niño Rey Otara, Ethel S. Doria, Jay L. Galimpin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Institutional Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Site Mixed-Methods Study of Philippine Hospitals
Section: Articles Categories: Health Sciences Keywords: COVID-19, Health System Resilience, Qualitative Research, Philippine Hospitals, Pandemic Response Healthcare Workers The COVID-19 pandemic exposed profound structural vulnerabilities within the Philippine hospital system while simultaneously revealing remarkable adaptive capacities among frontline healthcare workers and institutional leaders. This mixed-methods, multi-site study examined how 34 Philippine hospitals of varying types, levels, and geographic locations responded to the pandemic. One key informant per hospital represented by a healthcare worker with direct institutional experience of the pandemic that served as the institutional respondent, making each response a hospital-level account. Using a structured survey questionnaire administered in January 2026, the study collected demographic and institutional profile data, along with qualitative responses to 32 open-ended items spanning eight thematic sections that were analyzed and reported across four consolidated domains: policy implementation and governance; operational response and resource management; workforce management and leadership; and lessons learned and policy recommendations. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions were employed for quantitative profile variables, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative responses. Because the data were gathered retrospectively, several years after the events of 2020–2022, the findings are interpreted with explicit attention to recall limitations. Findings reveal that hospitals rapidly adapted national directives from the Department of Health (DOH) and the Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF) into local protocols, though frequent policy revisions, resource scarcity, and uneven institutional capacity consistently challenged implementation. Tertiary-level and urban hospitals demonstrated faster adoption of digital tools and infection prevention measures, while rural and Local Government Unit (LGU)-managed facilities relied more heavily on community partnerships and improvised protocols.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eliza B. Ayo, Paul C. Brigino, Alfredo D. Padua Jr, Nathaniel Francis G. Precilla, Celia L. Verano, Angelita Alonzo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Consumer Price Index and Poverty Levels in the Philippines
Section: Articles Categories: Economics Keywords: Consumer Price Index (CPI), Inflation, Philippines, Poverty, Poverty Rate Analyzing the effects of Consumer Price Index (CPI) on levels of poverty in the Philippines gives insight into the economic situation of households. Changes in the CPI leads to changes in the general purchasing power of persons in the economy. This study analyzes the impact of changes in the CPI on levels of poverty in the Philippines. Due to unavailability of poverty data, this study utilizes Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) using RStudio to estimate and interpolate data gaps and perform temporal trend analysis. This study found that the increases in the CPI are associated with a decrease in poverty level suggesting that certain economic conditions linked with rising prices, such as increased economic activity or income adjustments, may contribute to poverty reduction. There is an inverse relationship between inflation and poverty. This study finds that the changes in the CPI directly impacts low income households in most cases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alvin S. Catahan, Kent Daniel D. Carpio, Kenneth Clark P. Cruz, Kyle Vincent A. Melliza, Trisha Kyle C. Balot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Policy vs. Poverty: Evaluating Support Gaps and the Implementation of the Solo Parents Act Among Widows
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work, Social Sciences Keywords: Social Welfare Programs, Socio-Economic Status, Solo Parents Welfare Act, Widowhood This study addresses the implementation gaps of the Expanded Solo Parents Welfare Act (Republic Act No. 11861) by evaluating how socio-economic status (SES) shapes the well-being of widows in the Fifth District of Bulacan, Philippines. Using descriptive statistics and semi-structured interviews with fifteen widows, the study explored socio-economic conditions, lived experiences, and support gaps. The findings reveal that widowhood leads to interconnected consequences, such as economic, health, psychological, and social threats. Outcomes varied according to dependency burden, pension and insurance coverage, and the availability of social assistance and support networks. Although Republic Act No. 11861 provides a formal framework for protection, most participants reported limited utilization of the available programs, indicating a disconnect between the legal provisions and community-level implementation. The study argues that widows’ well-being is shaped not only by material deprivation but also by their ability to translate formal entitlements into tangible support. By demonstrating how implementation gaps constrain access to existing protections, the study highlights the importance of strengthening policy implementation at the community level. The findings show that widowhood is shaped by both socio-economic disadvantage and institutional accessibility, positioning it as both a socio-economic and governance issue.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emil Arca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Algorithmic Literacy, Digital Literacy, and Perceived Digital Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Social Media Engagement Among Filipino Emerging Adults in the City of Manila
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Algorithmic Literacy, Digital Literacy, Emerging Adults, Perceived Digital Self-Efficacy, Philippines, Social Media Engagement The rapid spread of recommender algorithms has made the competencies that govern how young people interpret and act in digital spaces a pressing concern. This study examined levels of algorithmic and digital literacy, as well as perceived digital self-efficacy, among Filipino emerging adults and tested whether these competencies predicted their social media engagement. Using a descriptive-correlational and predictive design, a researcher-adapted survey was administered through non-probability sampling to 77 eligible emerging adults from the City of Manila. Given the non-probability sampling and ordinal data, levels were summarized using the median (Mdn) and interquartile range; associations were tested with Spearman’s rank-order correlation; and predictors were identified through median (quantile) regression. Respondents showed a very high level of algorithmic literacy (Mdn = 4.50) and high levels of digital literacy (Mdn = 4.11), perceived digital self-efficacy (Mdn = 4.20), and social media engagement (Mdn = 3.83). All three competencies were significantly and positively associated with engagement: algorithmic literacy (ρ = .30, p = .003), digital literacy (ρ = .39), and perceived digital self-efficacy (ρ = .41), the latter two at p < .001. In the median regression, however, digital literacy was the only significant unique predictor of engagement (b = 0.47, p = .003); perceived digital self-efficacy and algorithmic literacy did not contribute uniquely once digital literacy was accounted for. Practical digital competence, rather than algorithm awareness or digital confidence alone, appears to most directly account for how emerging adults engage online, underscoring the value of competency-based digital citizenship programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Alexandra C. Odvina, Renee Maxine S. Lazaro, Yashas N. Sah, Edmond Jacob C. Sy, Andrew C. Lim Un, Myla M. Arcinas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mapping Teenage Rebellion, Autonomy, and Parent–Child Conflict in Southeast Asian Families: A Scoping Review
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: adolescents; teenage rebellion; autonomy; parent–child conflict; filial piety; Southeast Asia; scoping review Teenage rebellion is a familiar lay term, yet how it is conceptualized and studied within Southeast Asian families—settings shaped by collectivist values, filial piety, and strong parental authority—remains unclear. This scoping review mapped the available evidence as a necessary first step toward more focused empirical work. Following the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley as refined by Levac and colleagues and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews, two databases were searched for peer-reviewed, English-language studies published between January 2000 and January 2025 on adolescents aged 13 to 19 years living with their families in Southeast Asia. Records were screened against pre-specified eligibility criteria, and data were charted in response to five research questions. Ten studies from six countries (Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia) were included. Only two studies named rebellion directly; most used proxy constructs such as risk taking, conduct problems, aggression, children beyond control, and emotional and behavioral problems. Family conflict, weak parental monitoring or support, peer influence, and socioeconomic strain were the most consistently reported contributing factors. Manifestations centered on defiance, withdrawal, and conflict, whereas outcomes ranged from distress and risk behavior to, in supportive families, prosocial behavior and well-being. Designs were overwhelmingly cross-sectional. Southeast Asian research approaches adolescent rebellion obliquely, through related constructs and predominantly cross-sectional designs. The field would benefit from clearer conceptualization, qualitative work centering adolescents’ voices, longitudinal designs, culturally grounded frameworks, and more country-specific evidence.
adolescents; teenage rebellion; autonomy; parent–child conflict; filial piety; Southeast Asia; scoping review
Copyright (c) 2026 Rudyard LeRoy A. Benemerito, Zsui M. Gabriana, Venice Ann F. Venturina, Myla M. Arcinas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Dentistry Students’ Knowledge of Dental Jurisprudence and Ethics through Outcome-Based Instructional Materials as an Instructional Strategy
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work, Health Sciences Keywords: Board Examination, Dental Jurisprudence and Ethics, Dentistry, Non-Law Students, Outcome-Based Education Dental Jurisprudence and Ethics (DJE), a board-exam subject in the Dentist Licensure Examination, presents challenges for dentistry students due to its complexity and the limited availability of outcome-based instructional materials (OBIM). This study developed and validated an OBIM in DJE using a pretest-posttest experimental design. Two validated instruments were utilized: the OBIM and a 100-item Board-Exam-Patterned Test (BEPT). A total of 276 dentistry students from Centro Escolar University Manila and Makati were assigned to experimental and control groups. Baseline results showed both groups were comparable and demonstrated low knowledge of dental jurisprudence and ethics. Following the intervention, the experimental group achieved significantly higher BEPT posttest scores than the control group. The learning gains remained significant after controlling for baseline differences and reflected a substantial educational effect. The findings demonstrate that the developed OBIM effectively enhances students’ legal knowledge, ethical understanding, and professional preparedness, supporting its institutional adoption in dental education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eduard M. Riparip https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pragmatic Emphasis as A Scaffolding Tool: A Relevance Theoretic Analysis of Instructional Communication
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Online Cognitive Scaffolding Devices, Pragmatic Emphasis Strategies This study investigates the use of micro-level pragmatic emphasis strategies of teachers as online cognitive scaffolding devices to negotiate working memory limitations and to mark the instructional salience of dense lectures. Based on Sperber and Wilson's Relevance Theory, it analyzes a corpus of spontaneous discourse from a Senior High School Creative Writing lesson to classify spoken emphasis markers evaluative adjectives, assertive adverbs, intensifiers, and directives into functional sub-types. The findings indicate that these markers function as real-time cognitive regulators, with forms tailored to the level of processing demand at hand: affirmative descriptors provide low-effort validation and consolidate abstract writing standards into easily memorable anchors; high-certainty adverbs eliminate ambiguity in subjective concepts; and pre-task intensifiers act as attentional triggers prior to complex task execution. The choice of marker aligns with the pedagogical phase in which it is employed, while localized Taglish code-switching combined with structured repetition reduces both processing effort and social distance. The research ultimately shows that conscious vocal emphasis in the teacher's speech is a crucial pedagogical device for handling cognitive load and optimizing student processing in the moment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Charles Bryan D. Beloy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Discounts on the Shopee E-Commerce Platform and Financial Discipline on Impulse Buying Behavior
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: E-commerce Promotions, Financial Discipline, Impulse Buying Behavior, Online Shopping Discounts, Shopee Platform, Student Consumer Behavior, Vouchers and Flash Sales The current study examined the nexus between Shopee online discount strategies and impulsive buying behavior among university students, with financial discipline explored as a potential moderator. More prevalent are flash sales, vouchers and gamified promotions in online shopping platforms that can induce impulsive buying behavior, especially among young people. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was used with a structured survey questionnaire to 456 university students in Cebu City. The questionnaire measured three constructs quantitatively; exposure to Shopee discount, tendency to buy impulsively and financial discipline. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to test the direct effects of Shopee discount exposure, financial discipline, and the interaction of the two on impulse buying behavior. The results indicated that exposure to online discount of Shopee significantly predicted impulsive buying tendency (B = 0.41, p<.001) with about 15% of variance. The final model, which included financial discipline, their interaction and online discount exposure from Shopee, explained about 20.6% of the variance. Discount exposure was still positively associated with impulsive buying tendency (B=0.45, p<.001) and financial discipline had a significant negative association (B=−0.33, p<.001). However, the interaction term between mean-centered discount exposure and financial discipline scores was not statistically significant (B = −0.05, *p* = 0.518). Thus, financial discipline was related to lower impulsive buying tendency in general, but it did not significantly moderate the relationship between the exposure to online discount on Shopee and impulsive buying tendency. Future research should examine other possible moderators and interventions to improve financial self-regulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peter G. Narsico, Ira Faye N. Apay, Hyacinth P. Belacho, Trisha Ann L. Lawas, Trisia Amor Pangan, Conielyn A. Ronato, Jubail Sebastian Villafor, Lalaine O. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Time Series Analysis of Commercial Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Production in South Cotabato, Philippines, Using the SARIMA Model
Section: Articles Categories: Economics, Natural and Physical Sciences, Social Sciences Keywords: ACF, Box-Jenkins approach, Commercial fisheries, PACF, SOCCSKSARGEN A stochastic time series analysis was done through the SARIMA model to identify the characteristics of production in terms of trend and seasonality, develop the optimal SARIMA model based on certain information criteria and diagnostics, evaluate the accuracy of in-sample and out-of-sample forecast, and create a forecast for the production. Quarterly production data of commercial yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in South Cotabato during the years 2002 to 2021 were subjected to Box-Jenkins modeling procedure such as logarithmic transformation of data, differencing, checking for stationarity, identifying the optimal model through information criteria, estimating model parameters, and performing model diagnostics. It was found that the commercial yellowfin tuna production was fluctuating significantly but showed cyclical trend and seasonal pattern; the production is usually lower in Q3 but higher in Q2 and Q4. As for the results obtained from diagnostic checking, it could be deduced that SARIMA(1,1,1)(1,1,1)[4] model was deemed as the best-fitting model since it provided the minimum AIC and AICc values. Based on this model, it could be predicted in the next few years from 2026 to 2030 that there would be no remarkable growth or decline in production, and only slight fluctuation will be expected because of the season. It is essential to highlight, however, that there is a limit to the use of the univariate approach in time series forecasting, as even though the model will give accurate results when the environment remains constant, it does not account for sudden changes in ecological and economic environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karl Evan R. Pama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Affecting Attrition Among Certified Public Accountants in Davao Del Norte
Section: Articles Categories: Management, Education and Social Work Keywords: Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, Certified Public Accountants, Davao del Norte, Exploratory factor analysis, Factors affecting attrition, Non-experimental quantitative A gradual reduction in a company's employee count indicates attrition. Several factors influenced this incident, including employees' preferences and personal needs, environmental conditions, and workplace relations. The study identified the factors affecting attrition among Certified Public Accountants in Davao del Norte. This employed exploratory factor analysis in a non-experimental quantitative research design. A total of 132 participants were selected from a population of 197 currently employed in specific organizations within Davao del Norte. The researchers created a contextualized instrument that incorporated factors affecting attrition among CPAs. Exploratory Factor Analysis, the factor rotation method, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test are among the statistical tools used for data analysis and interpretation. Analysis revealed nine factors affecting attrition: Team performance, Job stability, Work itself, Intended-Systematic Exploration, Job preparation, Work security, Managerial support, Recognition, and Facility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joe Mari N. Flores, Angel Nhova P. Omalay, Devien D. Padillo, Shaine C. Romaguera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Convenience, Pricing, Accessibility, and Product Variety on the Perceived Practical Utility of Online Shopping
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Accessibility, Convenience, Online Shopping, Practical Utility, Product Variety Today, online shopping has become a core activity of consumers, especially among digital-savvy college students. While the importance of convenience, price, easy access and product variety is well known, the combined effect of these four factors on perceived practical utility has not been investigated. Among 380 college students in Cebu City, Philippines, the relationships established between these four features and practical utility have been examined using this descriptive-correlational quantitative design. Information was gathered using a structured questionnaire (14 items; Cronbach’s α = 0.897) and analysed using descriptive statistics and a regression model. Participants believed that online shopping is convenient (M = 3.98), provides price advantages (M = 4.04), high accessible (M = 4.30) and provides various product options (M = 4.09). The results indicated that convenience had a significant positive effect on practical utility (β = 0.66, p < .001), price (β = 0.61, p < .001), accessibility (β = 0.74, p < .001) and product variety (β = 0.73, p < .001). However, this was not the case in multiple regression model (R² = .58) where accessibility (β = 0.34), convenience (β = 0.28) and product variety (β = 0.24) remained significant while price advantage became non-significant (p = .137). The practical utility of online shopping is provided by accessibility, convenience and assortment of products. Price is less important in combination with other factors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rhitchelle Therese Egera, Lovelyn C. Trazona, Ramie Lou B. Abordonado, Mike Kevin C. Caballero, Marilou C. Obejero, Easter Mae C. Rita, Lalaine O. Narsico, Peter G. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Integrated Dynamic Self-Sufficiency (IDSS) Framework: A Literature- Informed Conceptual Model for Sustainable Community Development
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Community Development, tegrated Dynamic Self- sufficiency Framework, Intervention Strategy, Mindset, Purpose, Resilience, Self-Sufficiency Often, interventions to build community development fail to achieve durable self-sufficiency because support is fragmented or withdrawn before local capacities have been stabilized. In this paper we present the Integrated Dynamic Self-Sufficiency (IDSS) Framework. This model was developed using reflective conceptual reasoning and then examined and refined through an integrative, interdisciplinary review. The preliminary model organized self-sufficiency around five interrelated elements: Purpose, Mindset, Competence, Resources, and Connection. We drew on literature from community development, resilience studies, psychology, education, sustainable development and systems thinking to illuminate the elements, evaluate their conceptual fit and refine the dynamic relationships of the model. In the framework, the elements move toward or away from a central state of self-sufficiency, and the strength of their connections represent the degree of integration and stability. The model identifies two possible ways it could fail: either it only addresses a subset of the elements, or it removes external support before sufficient convergence has occurred. It thus promotes a phased intervention logic where support is modulated to local capacity and scaled down responsibly as self-sufficiency is built. As a literature-informed conceptual model, the IDSS Framework offers testable propositions and potential applications in education, disaster relief, social services, and work with marginalized communities.
tegrated Dynamic Self- sufficiency Framework
Copyright (c) 2026 Peter G. Narsico https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stakeholder Profiles and the Status of Alternative Learning System Implementation in the Selected Community Learning Centers
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: ALS learners, ALS teachers, Alternative Learning System, Community Learning Centers, non-formal education, stakeholder support This study examined the profiles of Alternative Learning System (ALS) teachers and students, selected Community Learning Centers (CLCs), and the status of the implementation of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) in four CLCs. The research included 32 ALS learners and four ALS teachers. The researchers utilized structured questionnaires, a resource checklist and purposive sampling in gathering information. Average ratings, frequencies, and percentages were used to summarize the data. The learner profiles were dominated by students from low-income homes, men, adolescents, and jobless individuals. Financial hardships and family obligations were the most common reasons given for quitting formal education. The four married women who taught ALS ranged in age from 42 to 63. Two have master's degrees and two have bachelor's degrees, and all have specific training in special needs schooling. The four CLCs offered secure classrooms, facilities for learning activities, and permanent learning spaces; they were categorized as Type 3 centers. Important educational resources were still scarce, tho. The chosen centers lacked or had insufficient furniture, digital resources, instructional aids, visual aids, internet access, and supplemental materials. Despite these drawbacks, teachers and students reported generally positive experiences with ALS education. Positive scores were given to teacher assistance, course relevance, instructional tactics, and engagement; poorer ratings were given to the sufficiency of learning resources. The results indicate a disparity between the availability of basic facilities and the scarcity of digital and instructional resources that support them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arlene S. Rillorta, Priscila A. Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic Thinking and Reasoning in Integer Knowledge Enhancement (Strike): Manipulative Tool in Enhancing Integer Operations
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Grade 9 learners, integer operations, manipulative-based instruction, mathematics achievement, STRIKE manipulative tool This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Strategic Thinking and Reasoning in Integer Knowledge Enhancement (STRIKE) manipulative tool in improving the integer operation skills of Grade 9 learners at Lantangan National High School. A quantitative pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed involving 30 purposively selected Grade 9 learners who obtained the lowest scores in the Integer Test of Primary Operations (ITPO). Participants received a two-week intervention using the STRIKE manipulative tool before completing the posttest. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize learners' performance, while paired-samples and independent-samples t-tests determined significant differences in achievement. Results revealed significant improvements in both male learners (t = −6.9099, p < .05) and female learners (t = −12.435, p < .05) following the intervention. Although female learners obtained a slightly higher mean posttest score than male learners, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (t = 1.9999, p = .0553). The findings suggest that the STRIKE manipulative tool is an effective instructional intervention for improving Grade 9 learners' performance in integer operations by enhancing their conceptual understanding and computational proficiency while providing equitable learning opportunities regardless of sex. Future studies are recommended to employ larger samples and experimental or quasi-experimental designs with comparison groups to further validate its effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ryan L Dumaguin, Rocel A. Turco, Richel B. Rabas, Emma O. Cajurao, Rio A. Villarias https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Symbols of Integrity: A Semiotic Study of "Transparency, Accountability, Justice, and Fairness" in Government Discourse
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Accountability, Education, Fairness, Justice, Philippines, Qualitative, Semiotics, Transparency Governments say a great deal about themselves before a single policy is implemented — through seals, portals, posted budgets, and program names that promise transparency, accountability, justice, and fairness. This qualitative study asked what those promises are actually built from. Using semiotic analysis, it examined the signs Davao de Oro's provincial government uses on its official online portal to convey the four values, then asked what those signs imply about governance legitimacy once matched against the wider empirical record. Transparency surfaced most often in the business and investment climate, trade and commerce, public participation, information and communication technology, climate adaptation, fiscal budget disclosure, the policy and regulatory framework, and disaster risk communication. Accountability was carried mainly by education and skills reporting, fiscal and revenue management, audit and infrastructure disclosure, watershed and forest stewardship, solid waste control, and inter-agency collaboration. Justice appeared through peace-and-order messaging, rural electrification, livelihood generation, skills certification, and land-use compliance. Fairness was expressed through social welfare services, disaster risk reduction, agriculture and fisheries support, health access, housing, and water and sanitation programming. Reading these symbols against the broader literature produced two organizing dimensions: Structural Integrity, concerning how governance is worded and represented, and Performative Legitimacy, concerning whether the symbol is actually enacted. The two do not always move together, and where they diverge, the study argues, is where public trust is most at risk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dennis B. Anduyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Extroversion: The Role of Perceived Anonymity, Online Comfort, and Digital Cue Adaptation Among Senior High School Students
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Adolescent identity, Computer-mediated communication, Hyperpersonal Model, Self-presentation, Social media behavior This study was geared towards finding out the effect of perceived anonymity, online comfort, and digital cue adaptation on the extent of digital extroversion of grade 12 students of a selected University in Metro Manila (n=114). The research used in this study was explanatory in a quantitative paradigm. The convenience sampling method was used in selecting the target population of this study. The data were collected through an online survey and analysed by descriptive statistics, Spearman’s rho and multiple linear regression. The participants used social media or integrated it in their lives “Very High” (Md = 5.00) as shown in descriptive statistics. They had a “High” average rating of digital cue adaptation (Md = 4.00), “Low” average rating of perceived anonymity (Md = 2.50), “Moderate” average rating of online comfort (Md = 3.25) and “Moderate” average rating of digital extroversion (Md = 3.25). A correlational analysis was used to see the correlations between the variables, and the analysis showed that the digital extroversion variable was positively correlated with the variable Online Comfort (ρ = .426, p < .001). The relationship between digital extroversion and digital cue adaptation was found to be “Weak Positive” (ρ = .176, p = .062). Online Comfort seemed to explain the 16.7% of variance in the unique manner (p < .001, β = 0.343). The results of this study extended the understanding of students' online behaviors with evidence that challenges the main tenet of the online disinhibition hypothesis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kristen Yeliz P. Alojipan, Maybelle Allyson Miranda, Allyssa Nicole S. Ong, Jodi Maxine F. Picazo, Anjeanette A. Ramirez, Myla M. Arcinas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Initial Validation of the Benedictine Leadership Questionnaire
Section: Articles Categories: Management, Humanities, Social Sciences Keywords: Benedictine leadership, Exploratory factor analysis, Psychometrics This study addresses the critical gap in spiritual leadership literature by focusing on the development and validation of the Benedictine Leadership Questionnaire (BLQ). While modern leadership often emphasizes corporate strategy, ancient spiritual traditions like the Rule of St. Benedict offer timeless frameworks centered on humility, stewardship, and community. Despite the theoretical potential of these values, empirical research has lacked a standardized tool to quantify them. Using a cross-sectional, descriptive quantitative design, this research aimed to establish a scientifically rigorous measure of Benedictine leadership. Data were gathered from 244 participants at a Catholic university in Manila. The development and validation process began with a deductive approach to item generation, resulting in an initial 108-item pool that underwent expert content analysis for clarity and relevance. The psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using Principal Axis Factoring and Oblimin rotation. The results supported a refined 54-item instrument structured into five distinct dimensions: The Visionary, The Empowerer, The Culture-Builder, The Humble Leader, and The Problem-Solver. This five-factor solution demonstrated exceptional internal consistency, with reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega) ranging from 0.93 to 0.97. The findings confirm that the BLQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing leadership that integrates strategic vision with ethical, person-centered engagement. This study provides the first formal psychometric instrument to bridge ancient monastic values with modern organizational practice, offering a robust foundation for future leadership assessment and research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alvin M. Nieva, Noel D. Santander, Annabel D. Quilon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Service Quality in Travel Tax Collection at Major International Airports: Towards Establishing A Customer- Centric Delivery Framework
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Customer satisfaction, International airports, Public sector, Service quality, Travel tax collection This study aimed to assess the service quality of travel tax collection at two major international airports in the Philippines, Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) and Clark International Airport (CRK). Using the Service Quality (SERVQUAL) dimensions of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibility, the research examined traveler perceptions across different nationalities and traveler types. The primary objective was to identify service delivery gaps and develop a customer-centric framework to improve efficiency and satisfaction in travel tax services. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed, involving 400 travelers (N = 400) who completed structured surveys and 20 selected participants (N = 20) who participated in in-depth qualitative interviews. This mixed approach allowed for both statistical analysis and contextual understanding of the challenges faced in current service delivery practices. Findings indicated that although overall service quality was rated Good (Meets Expectations), key issues persisted, including prolonged waiting times, outdated systems, inconsistent communication, and limited support for priority passengers. Despite these concerns, no statistically significant differences were found in perceptions of service quality across traveler profiles, underscoring the need for uniform and inclusive service standards. To address these challenges, a Customer-Centric Delivery Framework was proposed. It consists of five core components: digitalization through a unified online platform, enhanced process efficiency, staff training and development, infrastructure upgrades, and a real-time feedback system. This framework aims to guide the development of more accessible, responsive, and traveler-focused tax collection services at NAIA, CRK, and other airport terminals nationwide.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dolores T. Quiambao, Glaize Camille C. Nunag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Boundaries: Examining Land Disputes and Their Resolution in Baguio City
Section: Articles Categories: Education and Social Work Keywords: Adverse Effects, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Fraudulent Land Titles, Land Disputes, Land Resources This research study was about land conflicts in Baguio City. Forty-two professionals involved in land surveying and land conflicts resolution served as respondents. The descriptive research design was used with the questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument. Based on the data gathered, the study has found that boundary disputes, conflicting land claims, inheritance issues and land grabbing were among the most frequent and topmost cause of land conflicts in Baguio City; land conflicts have great effects on people and community; and the actions undertaken were very effective to resolve land conflicts. The conclusions are the following: land is a valuable and important resource to people, communities and the State which make conflicts inevitable to occur; illegal or fraudulent acquisition of land can cause hardships and great loss to people, communities and government; and conflicts can be resolved through judicial proceedings, mediation-arbitration, and other diplomatic means which are deemed very effective to concerned community, local and government leaders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elvis G. Bugtong, Johnson W. Mangsi, Crisselda S. Felix, Rona Angelie G. Allaga, Dalyne B. Bagsang, Almira L. Delico, Tessie B. Lingbanan, Drazen A. Palaez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Guardians of Democracy: Exploring the Feasibility and Viability of Organizing Police Task Forces in Philippine Election Hotspot Areas
Section: Articles Categories: Social Sciences Keywords: Election Hotspots, Election Security, Election-Related Violence, Institutional Resilience, Police Task Force, Post-Election Accountability Election-related violence is one of the threats to democratic governance. This is evident in some provinces in the Philippines due to intimidation, political competition, and institutional weaknesses. While there have been studies about the issue of security during the election process from the campaign period until the proclamation of winners, no research has discussed what happens after the election. Questions on how inter-agency coordination, witness protection, accountability, and investigation measures continue after the disbandment of election task forces are yet to be answered by the gap in the literature. One of the important issues regarding governance is thus how public safety beyond election day can be maintained effectively. This study sought to investigate the feasibility, effectiveness, acceptability, sustainability, and long-term viability of creating police task forces in election hotspots in the provinces of Abra and Cagayan. Data were collected using qualitative research through key informant interviews and focus group discussions with police investigators, COMELEC field officials, victims, witnesses, and community stakeholders. The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2021) Reflexive Thematic Analysis. The findings indicate that police task forces were indeed effective in reducing visible forms of election-related violence through the deployment of additional police personnel, patrols, checkpoints, monitoring of intelligence, and the conduct of police operations, like the implementation of search warrants and arrest of wanted persons. Their sustainability, however, was hampered by witness intimidation, political pressure, lack of coordination among government institutions, and the temporary nature of task-force deployment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angelito M Dangli, Jr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exchange Rate Changes and Philippine Fresh Mango Export Volume to Hong Kong: A Monthly Time-Series Analysis (2015 – 2025)
Section: Articles Categories: Business, Economics, Social Sciences Keywords: Agricultural export, Exchange rate, Export volume, Hong Kong market, Philippine mangoes, Seasonality, Time-series analysis The study examined the effect of changes in exchange rate between Philippine peso and Hong Kong dollar to the volume of Philippine fresh mangoes exported to Hong Kong given its perishable nature and demand for the country. The study applied time-series analysis using a total of 132 observation collected from January 2015 to December of 2025. The data underwent a logarithmic transformation, stationary testing, and differencing. Additionally, the study used the ordinary least squares (OLS) method for regression and include seasonal dummy variables. The findings revealed that changes in exchange rate had a positive effect on the export volume of fresh mangoes, however, the result is statistically insignificant (p=0.826). Seasonal factors were found to be more influential, with export quantity significantly higher in April and May. The model explained about 28.8 percent of the variation in export volume. These finding tells that short-term changes in exchange rate were not the main factor of mango export performance during the studied period. Instead, timing of harvest and supply availability played more important role. The findings suggests that exporters and policymakers should focus more on harvest time and shipping logistics instead of short-term exchange rates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nathaniel Panganiban, Trisha Kyle C. Balot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Active Bodies, Confident Minds: Exploring the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mathematics Self-Efficacy Among High School Students
Section: Articles Categories: Current Events and Controversial Issues, Education and Social Work, Health Sciences, Social Sciences Keywords: Correlational study, high school students, mathematics self-efficacy, physical activity This study examined the relationship between physical activity and mathematics self-efficacy among high school students. Specifically, it explored how engagement in physical activity influences students’ confidence in performing mathematics-related tasks. A descriptive–correlational research design was employed, involving 189 high school students from two selected schools in the Philippines. Data were collected using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) and a Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Product–Moment Correlation were used for data analysis. Results revealed that students demonstrated a high level of physical activity (M = 4.21, SD = 0.61) and a high level of mathematics self-efficacy (M = 3.98, SD = 0.64). Furthermore, a high positive and statistically significant relationship (r = 0.76, p < 0.05) was found between physical activity and mathematics self-efficacy. These findings suggest that increased engagement in physical activity is associated with higher levels of confidence in mathematics. The study highlights the importance of promoting physical activity as part of a holistic educational approach that supports both physical and academic development. It underscores the role of schools in fostering environments that enhance students’ well-being and academic self-beliefs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Keano P. Ananayo, Frederick B. Chengay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0