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Abstract
Bangladesh's Ready-Made Garments contribute significantly to the country's economy and employment. In Bangladesh, spontaneous outbursts are usually caused by Ready-Made Garment workers due to inadequate pay, unpaid wages, and compensation for overtime work. Since these three criteria affect workers' job satisfaction, and some socio-demographic characteristics such as age, education, gender, marital status also influence job satiety, finally, all of these were needed to be studied in a single research study to narrate the impact of pay scale on garment workers, which had not done yet with the aid of nonparametric tests. So this research explored the impact of the 2018 revised minimum wage policy by examining workers' perceptions of wages, including basic pay, overtime compensation, various allowances (housing, medical, food, transportation), and the degree of workers' satisfaction within a group based on demographic traits. 80 responses, according to convenience sampling, were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results highlighted dissatisfaction with basic pay, late payments, medical, and housing allowances but higher satisfaction with overtime compensation and transportation stipends. The study also found no significant difference in overall satisfaction with the wage structure based on gender or marital
status, but it showed that aged, more educated workers are, for some reason, happier. Thus, the findings provide important insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders, shedding light on timely payment with a revised pay scale according to the present circumstances, considering worker needs like medical, housing allowances, etc. and creating an environment to involve women and young people.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Roy, M., Zannat, M., Iqbal, T., Chowdhury, P., Ratna, A. J., & Hossain, M. A. (2024). Exploring the impact of the minimum pay scale and socio-demographic fac-tors on job satisfaction: An evidence from Ready-made garment workers in Bangladesh. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(7), 2861-2875. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.07.35
References
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Alauddin, M., Ahsan, S. H., Hossain, M. M., Mowla, M. M., & Uddin, M. S. (2019). Measuring the Factors Affecting Employ-ees Job Satisfaction in Readymade Gar-ments Industry: Bangladesh Perspective. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 8(1), 146–152. www.managementjournal.info
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Hossan, D., Islam, M. R., Mansor, Z. D., Khan, A. N., Jaharuddin, N. S., & Jesmin, N. S. (2022). Effect of motivational factors on employee engagement in the readymade garments industry in Bangladesh. BUFT Journal of Fashion & Technology, 7, 97–106. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368712520
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Huda, K. N., Karim, Md. R., & Ahmed, F. (2007). HRM Practices & Challenges of Non-government Development Organizations: An Empirical Study on Bangladesh. Jour-nal of Management, 9(1), 35–49.
Huda, S. S., Akhtar, N., & Akhtar, A. (2011). Employee’s View on Job Satisfaction: A Study on Garments Industry in Bangla-desh. Indus Journal of Management & So-cial Sciences, 5(1), 1–9. https://ideas.repec.org/s/iih/journl.html
Isaacs, S. M. (2015). Consumer Perceptions of Eco-Friendly Products [Doctoral disserta-tion, Walden University]. Walden Disser-tations and Doctoral Studies (No. 1568). Retrieved July 1, 2024, from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1568/
Kabir, H., Maple, M., Islam, M. S., & Usher, K. (2022). The Paradoxical Impacts of the Minimum Wage Implementation on Ready-made Garment (RMG) Workers: A Qualitative Study. Indian Journal of La-bour Economics, 65(2), 545–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-022-00375-9
Khan, A. G., Huq, S. M. U., & Islam, M. N. (2019). Job Satisfaction of Garments In-dustry in a Developing Country. Man-agement Studies and Economic Systems, 4(2), 115–122. https://www.msaes.org/article_85822.html
Khayer, M. A., Khondker, R. K., & Hye, M. A. (2017). Wage Structure of Bangladesh Garment Workers Vis-À-Vis Cost of Basic Needs: A Study in Dhaka of Bangladesh. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Re-search, 3(3), 1090–1101. http://www.onlinejournal.in
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Asso-ciation, 47(260), 583–621. https://doi.org/10.2307/2280779
Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The Sources of Four Commonly Reported Cutoff Criteria: What Did They Really Say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284919
Lu, S. (2020, December 4). Minimum Wage Level for Garment Workers in the World (Updated in December 2020). FASH455 Global Apparel & Textile Trade and Sourcing. https://shenglufashion.com/2020/12/04/minimum-wage-level-for-garment-workers-in-the-world-updated-in-december-2020/
Moazzem, K. G., & Raz, S. (2014). Minimum Wage in the RMG Sector of Bangladesh: Definition, Determination Method and Levels (CPD Working Paper 106). Centre for Policy Dialogue. https://cpd.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/WP-106.pdf
Nazneen, A., Jahan, N. A., Khan, M. H., Rahman, M. S., Ahmad, S. A., Hossain, I., & Mullick, A. R. (2020). Level of Job Satisfaction among Female Garment Workers of Bangladesh. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 8(10), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v8i10.01
Omar, M. S., Rafie, N., & Selo, S. A. (2020). Job satisfaction influence job performance among polytechnic employees. Interna-tional Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences, 3(14), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.35631/IJMTSS.314003
Reig-Botella, A., Clemente, M., Detaille, S., De Lange, A. H., & López-Golpe, J. (2022). Which Personal and Organizational Fac-tors Influence the Organizational Com-mitment and Job Satisfaction of Shipyard Blue-Collar Workers? International Jour-nal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 4849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084849
Siegel, S. (1956). Nonparametric Statistics: For the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill.
Simarmata, N., Astiti, D. P., & Budisetyani, I. G. A. P. W. (2014). Kepuasan Kerja Dan Per-ilaku Kewargaan Organisasional Pada Karyawan. Jurnal Spirits, 4(2), 1–21. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/256848-kepuasan-kerja-dan-perilaku-kewargaan-or-b650d99e.pdf
Steyn, G. M., & Wyk, J.V. (1999). Job satisfac-tion: Perceptions of principals and teach-ers in urban black schools in South Afri-ca. South African Journal of Education, 19, 37-44.
Swazan, I. S., & Das, D. (2022). Bangladesh’s Emergence as a Ready-Made Garment Export Leader: An Examination of the Competitive Advantages of the Garment Industry. International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness, Springer, 17(2), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42943-022-00049-9
Syed, R. F., & Mahmud, K. T. (2022). Factors influencing work-satisfaction of global garments supply chain workers in Bang-ladesh. International Review of Econom-ics, 69, 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-022-00403-6
Tribune Business Desk. (2018, November 12). Apparel Workers in Bangladesh Still the Lowest Paid by Global Standards. Dhaka Tribune. https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/160816/apparel-workers-in-bangladesh-still-the-lowest
Ullah, A. A. S. M. (2014). Legacy of Rana Plaza: has social justice being established in Bangladesh? Suprovat Sydney, p. A12.
Zacher, H., & Griffin, B. (2015). Older Workers’ Age as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Career Adaptability and Job Sat-isfaction. Work, Aging and Retirement, 1(2), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wau009
Zohir, S. C., & Paul-Majumder, P. (1996). Gar-ment Workers in Bangladesh: Economic, Social and Health Condition. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. https://bids.org.bd/uploads/publication/monograph/RM18_full.pdf
Abdulkhaliq, S. S., & Mohammadali, Z. M. (2019). The Impact of Job Satisfaction on Employees’ Performance: A Case Study of Al Hayat Company - Pepsi Employees in Erbil, Kurdistan Region - Iraq. Manage-ment and Economics Review, 4(2), 163–176. https://mer.ase.ro/files/2019_2/4-7.pdf
Absar, S. S. (2001). Problems Surrounding Wages; The Readymade Garments Sectors in Bangladesh. Labour and Management in Development Journal, 2(7), 1–17. https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080223003932/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13884/20020810-0000/labour-manage-ment.anu.edu.au/LMDvolume2.htm
Ahamed, F. (2012). Improving Social compli-ance in Bangladesh’s Ready-made Gar-ment Industry. Journal of Labour and Management in Development, 13, 1-26.
Akter, A., Wali, S. B., Kamal, M. R., Mukul, A. Z. A., & Parvin, M. M. (2017). Factors affect-ing job satisfaction of working mothers of readymade garments sector in Bangla-desh. Business Management and Econom-ics, 5(2), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.15739/IBME.17.004
Akterujjaman, S. M., & Ahmad, M. H. (2016). Workers’ Satisfaction toward RMG Indus-try in Bangladesh: A Study on Dhaka and Gazipur City. International Journal of Re-search in Management & Business Studies, 3(2), 22–30.
Alauddin, M., Ahsan, S. H., Hossain, M. M., Mowla, M. M., & Uddin, M. S. (2019). Measuring the Factors Affecting Employ-ees Job Satisfaction in Readymade Gar-ments Industry: Bangladesh Perspective. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 8(1), 146–152. www.managementjournal.info
Ali, R., Begum, F., Salehin, M., & Farid, K. S. (2008). Livelihood pattern of rural wom-en garment workers at Dhaka city. Jour-nal of the Bangladesh Agricultural Uni-versity, 6(2), 449–456. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v6i2.4846
Anderson, W. T., Hohenshil, T. H., & Brown, D. T. (1984). Job Satisfaction Among Practic-ing School Psychologists: A National Study. School Psychology Review, 13(2), 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.1984.12085098
Ashik-Uz-Zaman, & Khan, M. A. M. (2021). Minimum Wage Impact on RMG Sector of Bangladesh: Prospects, Opportunities and Challenges of New Payout Structure. In-ternational Journal of Business and Eco-nomics Research, 10(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20211001.12
Azad, M. A. K. (2014). Satisfaction of Garments Workers towards Current Salary Struc-ture in Bangladesh: An Analysis. Journal of Business Studies, 38(2), 1–31.
Baeza, M. A., Gonzalez, J. A., & Wang, Y. (2018). Job flexibility and job satisfaction among Mexican professionals: a socio-cultural explanation. Employee Relations, 40(5), 921–942. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-12-2016-0236
Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Ex-porters Association. (2015). Annual Re-port of BGMEA.
BGMEA. (n.d.). Export Performance. https://bgmea.com.bd/page/Export_Performance
Chirchir, R. (2016). Demographic Factors and Job Satisfaction: A Case of Teachers in Public Primary Schools in Bomet County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(13), 152–158. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/30634/31473
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Law-rence Erlbaum Associates. https://www.utstat.toronto.edu/~brunner/oldclass/378f16/readings/CohenPower.pdf
Ferdous, S. R. (2014). Security and Safety Net of Garments Workers: Need for Amend-ment of Labor Law. National Human Rights Commission, Bangladesh.
Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions (2nd ed.). Wiley, John and Sons, Incorporated.
Gordon, J. R. (1999). Organizational Behavior: A Diagnostic Approach (6th ed.). Prentice Hall International.
Hossain, S. (2023, July 3). Bangladesh earns a record $55.55bn from exports in FY23. Dhaka Tribune. https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/285885/bangladesh-earns-a-record-55.55bn-from-exports-in
Hossan, D., Islam, M. R., Mansor, Z. D., Khan, A. N., Jaharuddin, N. S., & Jesmin, N. S. (2022). Effect of motivational factors on employee engagement in the readymade garments industry in Bangladesh. BUFT Journal of Fashion & Technology, 7, 97–106. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368712520
Hossan, S. (2021, November 24). Bangladesh RMG Industry’s Robust Growth and Chal-lenges. Business Inspection. https://businessinspection.com.bd/rmg-industry-of-bangladesh/
Huda, K. N., Karim, Md. R., & Ahmed, F. (2007). HRM Practices & Challenges of Non-government Development Organizations: An Empirical Study on Bangladesh. Jour-nal of Management, 9(1), 35–49.
Huda, S. S., Akhtar, N., & Akhtar, A. (2011). Employee’s View on Job Satisfaction: A Study on Garments Industry in Bangla-desh. Indus Journal of Management & So-cial Sciences, 5(1), 1–9. https://ideas.repec.org/s/iih/journl.html
Isaacs, S. M. (2015). Consumer Perceptions of Eco-Friendly Products [Doctoral disserta-tion, Walden University]. Walden Disser-tations and Doctoral Studies (No. 1568). Retrieved July 1, 2024, from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1568/
Kabir, H., Maple, M., Islam, M. S., & Usher, K. (2022). The Paradoxical Impacts of the Minimum Wage Implementation on Ready-made Garment (RMG) Workers: A Qualitative Study. Indian Journal of La-bour Economics, 65(2), 545–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-022-00375-9
Khan, A. G., Huq, S. M. U., & Islam, M. N. (2019). Job Satisfaction of Garments In-dustry in a Developing Country. Man-agement Studies and Economic Systems, 4(2), 115–122. https://www.msaes.org/article_85822.html
Khayer, M. A., Khondker, R. K., & Hye, M. A. (2017). Wage Structure of Bangladesh Garment Workers Vis-À-Vis Cost of Basic Needs: A Study in Dhaka of Bangladesh. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Re-search, 3(3), 1090–1101. http://www.onlinejournal.in
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Asso-ciation, 47(260), 583–621. https://doi.org/10.2307/2280779
Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The Sources of Four Commonly Reported Cutoff Criteria: What Did They Really Say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284919
Lu, S. (2020, December 4). Minimum Wage Level for Garment Workers in the World (Updated in December 2020). FASH455 Global Apparel & Textile Trade and Sourcing. https://shenglufashion.com/2020/12/04/minimum-wage-level-for-garment-workers-in-the-world-updated-in-december-2020/
Moazzem, K. G., & Raz, S. (2014). Minimum Wage in the RMG Sector of Bangladesh: Definition, Determination Method and Levels (CPD Working Paper 106). Centre for Policy Dialogue. https://cpd.org.bd/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/WP-106.pdf
Nazneen, A., Jahan, N. A., Khan, M. H., Rahman, M. S., Ahmad, S. A., Hossain, I., & Mullick, A. R. (2020). Level of Job Satisfaction among Female Garment Workers of Bangladesh. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 8(10), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v8i10.01
Omar, M. S., Rafie, N., & Selo, S. A. (2020). Job satisfaction influence job performance among polytechnic employees. Interna-tional Journal of Modern Trends in Social Sciences, 3(14), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.35631/IJMTSS.314003
Reig-Botella, A., Clemente, M., Detaille, S., De Lange, A. H., & López-Golpe, J. (2022). Which Personal and Organizational Fac-tors Influence the Organizational Com-mitment and Job Satisfaction of Shipyard Blue-Collar Workers? International Jour-nal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 4849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084849
Siegel, S. (1956). Nonparametric Statistics: For the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill.
Simarmata, N., Astiti, D. P., & Budisetyani, I. G. A. P. W. (2014). Kepuasan Kerja Dan Per-ilaku Kewargaan Organisasional Pada Karyawan. Jurnal Spirits, 4(2), 1–21. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/256848-kepuasan-kerja-dan-perilaku-kewargaan-or-b650d99e.pdf
Steyn, G. M., & Wyk, J.V. (1999). Job satisfac-tion: Perceptions of principals and teach-ers in urban black schools in South Afri-ca. South African Journal of Education, 19, 37-44.
Swazan, I. S., & Das, D. (2022). Bangladesh’s Emergence as a Ready-Made Garment Export Leader: An Examination of the Competitive Advantages of the Garment Industry. International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness, Springer, 17(2), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42943-022-00049-9
Syed, R. F., & Mahmud, K. T. (2022). Factors influencing work-satisfaction of global garments supply chain workers in Bang-ladesh. International Review of Econom-ics, 69, 507–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-022-00403-6
Tribune Business Desk. (2018, November 12). Apparel Workers in Bangladesh Still the Lowest Paid by Global Standards. Dhaka Tribune. https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/160816/apparel-workers-in-bangladesh-still-the-lowest
Ullah, A. A. S. M. (2014). Legacy of Rana Plaza: has social justice being established in Bangladesh? Suprovat Sydney, p. A12.
Zacher, H., & Griffin, B. (2015). Older Workers’ Age as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Career Adaptability and Job Sat-isfaction. Work, Aging and Retirement, 1(2), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wau009
Zohir, S. C., & Paul-Majumder, P. (1996). Gar-ment Workers in Bangladesh: Economic, Social and Health Condition. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. https://bids.org.bd/uploads/publication/monograph/RM18_full.pdf