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Aug 24, 2024
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Abstract
Emojis are small images conveying meaning, emotions, and tone embedded in electronic text messages that allow people to express their feelings and emotions in nonverbal and informal conversations. This study aimed to find out the role of emojis as a communication medium among college students in a state-run institution. Specifically, it sought to identify the popularly-used emojis, the social media platforms where these are used, determine their frequency of use, and the instances where these are used. Sophomore college students enrolled in a teacher education degree program specializing in the English language at a state-run university supplied the data collected using a validated survey questionnaire transformed and sent through the Google messenger application. Results revealed that the topmost popular emojis used by college students in their nonverbal communication were the heart, face with tears of joy, and loudly crying face. Participants stated that they always use emojis in their informal communication with friends on popular social media platforms, such as Facebook and Messenger. It was also established that emojis were used when messaging friends or family members expressing their feelings, and having nothing else to reply to in a conversation. These findings attest that the use of technology-driven trends has evolved in the communication media, particularly among the younger generation.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Aranas, K. K. S., Marte, M. B., Valentin, C. J. S., & Biray, E. T. (2024). Emojis as Communication Medium Among College Students in a State-Run Institution. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(8), 3349-3356. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.08.30
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Chairunnisa, S., & Benedictus, A. (2017). Anal-ysis of emoji and emoticon usage in in-terpersonal communication of Blackber-ry Messenger and WhatsApp application users. International Journal of Social Sci-ences and Management, 4, 120-126. DOI: 10.3126/ijssm.v4i2.17173
Chen, X., & Siu, K. W. M. (2017). Exploring user behavior of emoticon use among Chinese youth. Behavior and Information Tech-nology, 36, 637-649. DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2016.1269199
Cramer, H., Juan, P. D., & Tetreault, J. (2016). Sender-intended functions of emojis in US messaging. In Proceedings of the Interna-tional Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Ser-vices. DOI: 10.1145/2935334.2935370
Derks, D., Bos, A. E., & Von Grumbkow, J. (2008). Emoticons and online message in-terpretation. Social Science Computer Re-view, 26, 379-388. DOI: 10.1177/0894439307311611
Dixon, S. J. (2024). Facebook: Quarterly num-ber of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2023. In Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/
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Edgar, T. W., & Manz, D. O. (2017). Research Methods for Cybersecurity. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805349-2.00004-2
Fullwood, C., Quinn, S., Chen-Wilson, J., Chad-wick, D., & Reynolds, K. (2015). Put on a smiley face: Textspeak and personality perceptions. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 18(3): 147-151.
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Gibson, W., Huang, P., & Yu, Q. (2018). Emoji and communicative action: The semiotics, sequence and gestural actions of “face covering hand.” Discourse Context Media, 26, 91-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2018.05.005
Harris, R. B., & Paradice, D. (2007). An investi-gation of the computer-mediated com-munication of emotions. Journal of Ap-plied Sciences Research, 3, 2081-2090.
Henry, M. (2023). What is systematic sam-pling? https://inmoment.com/systematic -sampling/
Juhasz, A., Bradford, K. (2016). Mobile phone use in romantic relationships. Marriage and Family Review, 52, 707-721. DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2016.1157123
Kaye, L. K., Wall, H. J., & Malone, S. A. (2016). “Turn that frown upside-down”: A con-textual account of emoticon usage on dif-ferent virtual platforms. Computers in Human Behaviour, 60, 463-467. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.088
Kelly, R., & Watts, L. (2015). Characterizing the inventive appropriation of emoji as rela-tionally meaningful in mediated close personal relationships. In Proceedings of the Conference on Experiences of Technol-ogy Appropriation: Unanticipated Users, Usage, Circumstances, and Design. Oslo, Norway.
Kemp, S. (2023, February 9). Digital 2023: The Philippines. DataReportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-philippines
Leleka, T. O. (2014). The Internet communica-tion as a new language phenomenon. https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-283-8-11
Lo, S. K. (2008). The nonverbal communica-tion functions of emoticons in computer-mediated communication. Cyberpsychol-ogy, Behavior and Social Networking, 11. 595-597. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0132
Perry, M. S., & Werner-Wilson, R. J. (2011). Couples and computer-mediated commu-nication: A closer look at the affordances and use of the channel. Family and Con-sumer Sciences Review Journal, 40, 120-134. DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011. 02099.x
Pettigrew, J. (2009). Text messaging and con-nectedness within close interpersonal re-lationships. Marriage and Family Review, 45, 697-716. DOI: 10.1080/01494920903224269
Rahman, H. (2023). Communication medium: Bridging the gap in the information age. International Journal of Sensor Networks and Data Communications, 12(4). IISN: 2090-4886
Riordan, M. A., & Kreuz, R. J. (2010). Emotion encoding and interpretation in computer-mediated communication: Reasons for use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1667-1673. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.015
Sadiq, M., & Shahida. (2019), "Learning Paki-stani Culture through The Namaz Emo-ji," 2019 2nd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineer-ing Technologies (iCoMET), pp. 1-8, DOI: 10.1109/ICOMET.2019.8673479
Sampietro, A. (2019). Emoji and rapport man-agement in Spanish WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics, 143, 109-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2019.02.009
Soepardjo, D., & Wasono. (2018). The impact of changes in society on the use of lan-guages. Advances in Social Science, Edu-cation, and Humanities Research (AS-SEHR), 108, 290-293.
Stark, L. & Crawford, K. (2015). The conserva-tism of emoji: Work, affect, and commu-nication. Social Media + Society, 1(11). DOI: 10.1177/2056305115604853
Tauch, C., & Kanjo, E. (2016). The roles of emojis in mobile phone notifications. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Interna-tional Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct (Heidel-berg). DOI: 10.1145/2968219.2968549
Uduodom, U., Williams, G., Igiri, A., Okon, E., & Aruku, K. (2024, February). Emojis and miscommunication in text-based interac-tions among Nigerian youths. Journal of Informatics and Web Engineering, 3(1), 226-240. https://doi.org/10.33093/jiwe.2024.3.1.15
Williams, A. (2024, January 2). The most used emojis of 2023 have been revealed. In The Standard, United Kingdom. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/tech/most-used-emojis-popular-2023-crying-red-heart-b1129850.html
Albawardi, A. (2018). The translingual digital practices of Saudi females on WhatsApp. Discourse Context Media, 25, 68-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2018.03.009
Aldunate, N., & Gonzalezinanez, R. (2016). An integrated review of emoticons in com-puter-mediated communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 7:2016. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02061
Alshenqeeti, H. (2016). Are emojis creating a new or old visual language for new gen-erations? A socio-semiotic study. Advanc-es in Language and Literary Studies, 7(6). DOI: 10.7575/aiac.alls. v.7n.6p.56
Al-Zou’bi, R., & Shamma, F. (2021). Assessing instructors’ usage of emojis in distance education during the COVID-19 pandem-ic. Cypriot Journal of Educational Scienc-es, 16(1), 201-219. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5520
Archer, D., & Akert, R. M. (1977). Words and everything else: Verbal and nonverbal cues in social interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 443-449. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.35.6.443
Bosch, O. J., & Revilla, M. (2018, July). The use of emojis by millennials. RECSM Working Paper Number 57, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26773.96484
Boutet, I., LeBlanc, M., Chamberland, J. A., & Collin, C. A. (2021, June). Emojis influence emotional communication, social attribu-tions, and information processing. Com-puters in Human Behavior, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106722
Cavalheiro, B. P., Rodrigues, D. L., & Prada, M. (2023). Who (and with whom) uses more emoji? Exploring individual, relational, and motivational characteristics driving emoji use. Telematics and Informatics, 83, 102023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2023.102023
Chairunnisa, S., & Benedictus, A. (2017). Anal-ysis of emoji and emoticon usage in in-terpersonal communication of Blackber-ry Messenger and WhatsApp application users. International Journal of Social Sci-ences and Management, 4, 120-126. DOI: 10.3126/ijssm.v4i2.17173
Chen, X., & Siu, K. W. M. (2017). Exploring user behavior of emoticon use among Chinese youth. Behavior and Information Tech-nology, 36, 637-649. DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2016.1269199
Cramer, H., Juan, P. D., & Tetreault, J. (2016). Sender-intended functions of emojis in US messaging. In Proceedings of the Interna-tional Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Ser-vices. DOI: 10.1145/2935334.2935370
Derks, D., Bos, A. E., & Von Grumbkow, J. (2008). Emoticons and online message in-terpretation. Social Science Computer Re-view, 26, 379-388. DOI: 10.1177/0894439307311611
Dixon, S. J. (2024). Facebook: Quarterly num-ber of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2023. In Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/
Dresner, E., & Herring, S. C. (2010). Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theo-ry, 20, 249-268. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010. 01362.x
Edgar, T. W., & Manz, D. O. (2017). Research Methods for Cybersecurity. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805349-2.00004-2
Fullwood, C., Quinn, S., Chen-Wilson, J., Chad-wick, D., & Reynolds, K. (2015). Put on a smiley face: Textspeak and personality perceptions. Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking, 18(3): 147-151.
Gantiva, C., Sotaquira, M., Araujo, A., & Cuervo, P. (2019). Cortical processing of human and emoji faces An ERP analysis. Behav-ior and Information Technology, 1-9. DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2019.1632933
Ge, J., & ACM. (2019). Emoji sequence use in enacting personal identity. In Proceedings of the Companion of the World Wide Web Conference. DOI: 10.1145/3308560.3316545
Gibson, W., Huang, P., & Yu, Q. (2018). Emoji and communicative action: The semiotics, sequence and gestural actions of “face covering hand.” Discourse Context Media, 26, 91-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcm.2018.05.005
Harris, R. B., & Paradice, D. (2007). An investi-gation of the computer-mediated com-munication of emotions. Journal of Ap-plied Sciences Research, 3, 2081-2090.
Henry, M. (2023). What is systematic sam-pling? https://inmoment.com/systematic -sampling/
Juhasz, A., Bradford, K. (2016). Mobile phone use in romantic relationships. Marriage and Family Review, 52, 707-721. DOI: 10.1080/01494929.2016.1157123
Kaye, L. K., Wall, H. J., & Malone, S. A. (2016). “Turn that frown upside-down”: A con-textual account of emoticon usage on dif-ferent virtual platforms. Computers in Human Behaviour, 60, 463-467. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.088
Kelly, R., & Watts, L. (2015). Characterizing the inventive appropriation of emoji as rela-tionally meaningful in mediated close personal relationships. In Proceedings of the Conference on Experiences of Technol-ogy Appropriation: Unanticipated Users, Usage, Circumstances, and Design. Oslo, Norway.
Kemp, S. (2023, February 9). Digital 2023: The Philippines. DataReportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-philippines
Leleka, T. O. (2014). The Internet communica-tion as a new language phenomenon. https://doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-283-8-11
Lo, S. K. (2008). The nonverbal communica-tion functions of emoticons in computer-mediated communication. Cyberpsychol-ogy, Behavior and Social Networking, 11. 595-597. DOI: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0132
Perry, M. S., & Werner-Wilson, R. J. (2011). Couples and computer-mediated commu-nication: A closer look at the affordances and use of the channel. Family and Con-sumer Sciences Review Journal, 40, 120-134. DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-3934.2011. 02099.x
Pettigrew, J. (2009). Text messaging and con-nectedness within close interpersonal re-lationships. Marriage and Family Review, 45, 697-716. DOI: 10.1080/01494920903224269
Rahman, H. (2023). Communication medium: Bridging the gap in the information age. International Journal of Sensor Networks and Data Communications, 12(4). IISN: 2090-4886
Riordan, M. A., & Kreuz, R. J. (2010). Emotion encoding and interpretation in computer-mediated communication: Reasons for use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1667-1673. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.015
Sadiq, M., & Shahida. (2019), "Learning Paki-stani Culture through The Namaz Emo-ji," 2019 2nd International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineer-ing Technologies (iCoMET), pp. 1-8, DOI: 10.1109/ICOMET.2019.8673479
Sampietro, A. (2019). Emoji and rapport man-agement in Spanish WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics, 143, 109-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2019.02.009
Soepardjo, D., & Wasono. (2018). The impact of changes in society on the use of lan-guages. Advances in Social Science, Edu-cation, and Humanities Research (AS-SEHR), 108, 290-293.
Stark, L. & Crawford, K. (2015). The conserva-tism of emoji: Work, affect, and commu-nication. Social Media + Society, 1(11). DOI: 10.1177/2056305115604853
Tauch, C., & Kanjo, E. (2016). The roles of emojis in mobile phone notifications. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Interna-tional Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct (Heidel-berg). DOI: 10.1145/2968219.2968549
Uduodom, U., Williams, G., Igiri, A., Okon, E., & Aruku, K. (2024, February). Emojis and miscommunication in text-based interac-tions among Nigerian youths. Journal of Informatics and Web Engineering, 3(1), 226-240. https://doi.org/10.33093/jiwe.2024.3.1.15
Williams, A. (2024, January 2). The most used emojis of 2023 have been revealed. In The Standard, United Kingdom. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/tech/most-used-emojis-popular-2023-crying-red-heart-b1129850.html