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Abstract
This quantitative study, grounded in Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), investigates the entrepreneurial inten-tions of Filipino undergraduate health sciences students using a descriptive cross-sectional research design. The study involved 820 respondents from various health sciences programs in North Luzon, Philippines, who completed an online survey. Demographic characteristics and entrepreneurial intent were assessed through a researcher-designed Demographic Profile Questionnaire (DPQ) and the Individual Entrepreneurial Intent Scale (IEIS) established by Thompson (2009). This study adopts a positivist view, empha-sizing objectivity, consistency, and replicability through statistical methods. The findings reveal that the undergraduate health sci-ences students demonstrate a “good” level of entrepreneurial in-tentions, with a notable significant variation observed between those who have taken business-related courses and those who have not, with the former exhibiting higher intent. Other factors, such as age, gender, and marital status, did not show significant differences in entrepreneurial intentions, suggesting that educa-tional experiences play a more critical role than personal charac-teristics. The study recommends educational strategies and poli-cies, such as curricular enhancement towards entrepreneurial ed-ucation in health sciences education, to foster innovation and en-courage healthcare entrepreneurship. Overall, this research con-tributes to the expanding literature on entrepreneurship; however, like other studies, it has limitations. Therefore, future research directions are offered.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Angeles, R. G. (2024). Entrepreneurial Intent of Filipino Undergraduate Health Sciences Stu-dents: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(12), 5051-5066. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.12.11
References
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Bilgiseven, E.B. & Kasımoğlu, M. (2019). Anal-ysis of Factors Leading to Entrepreneuri-al Intention. Procedia Computer Science, 158(C), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.127
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Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed mode surveys: The tailored design meth-od (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Dotong, E. J., & Manalang, M. G. (2023). The Entrepreneurial Intention of Business Students: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of Reasoned Ac-tion. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(5), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(5).03
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2003). The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. Leadership Quarter-ly, 14(6), 807-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.004
Fayolle, A. & Gailly, B. (2015). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entre-preneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hys-teresis and Persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53, 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12065
Fayolle, A. & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.024
Gianiodis, P. T., Meek, W. R., & Chen, W. (2019). Political climate and academic entrepreneurship: the case of strange bedfellows? Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 12, e00135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00135
Haneberg, D.H. & Aaboen, L. (2020). Incuba-tion of technology-based student ven-tures: The importance of networking and team recruitment. Technology in Society, 63(C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101402
Hartmann, S., Backmann, J., Newman, A., Brykman, K. M., & Pidduck, R. J. (2022). Psychological resilience of entrepre-neurs: A review and agenda for future re-search. Journal of Small Business Man-agement, 60(5), 1041–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.2024216
Ho, R. M.-H., Uy, M. A., Kang, B. N. Y., & Chan, K. Y. (2018). Impact of entrepreneurship training on entrepreneurial efficacy and alertness among adolescent youth. Fron-tiers in Education, 3(13). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00013
Khanal, K. & Prajapati, B. (2023). Influence of Demographic Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions among Business Students in Nepal. Journal of Economic Sciences, 2(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4786923
Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employ-ment status choice intentions. Entrepre-neurship Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879602100104
Krieger, A., Block, J, Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2022). Closing the gender gap in entrepreneurship: The im-portance of skill variety. PLoS One, 17(7): e0270976. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270976
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analy-sis. Journal of the American Statistical As-sociation, 47(260), 583–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441
Kurniawan, J.E., & Sanjaya, E.L. (2016). The Role of Marital Relation Strategies on Business Efficacy of Young Male Entre-preneurs with Spousal Involvement and Support as Mediators. Open Journal of So-cial Sciences, 4, 56-66. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.49007
Lim, W.M., Ciasullo, M.V., Escobar, O. & Kumar, S. (2024). Healthcare entrepreneurship: current trends and future direc-tions. International Journal of Entrepre-neurial Behavior & Research, 30(8),2130-2157. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2023-0197
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial in-tentions: Citation, thematic analysis, and research agenda. International
Entrepreneurship and Management Jour-nal, 11(4), 907-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0356-5
Marshall, D. R., Meek, W. R., Swab, R. G., & Markin, E. (2020). Access to resources and entrepreneurial well-being: A self-efficacy approach. Journal of Business Re-search, 120, 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.015
Nabi, G., Walmsley, A., Liñán, F., Akhtar, I., & Neame, C. (2018). Does entrepreneurship education in the first year of higher edu-cation develop entrepreneurial inten-tions? The role of learning and inspira-tion. Studies in Higher Education, 43(3), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1177716
Nobre, A. L. (2002). Entrepreneurship as an attitude: a challenge to innovative man-agers. The International Journal of Entre-preneurship and Innovation, 3(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101299006
Phipps, S.T.A. & Prieto, L.C. (2015). Women versus men in entrepreneurship: A com-parison of the sexes on creativity, politi-cal skill, and entrepreneurial intentions. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 21(1), 32-43. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/aejvol21no12015.pdf
Romero-Galisteo, R.P., González-Sánchez, M., Gálvez-Ruiz, P., Palomo-Carrión , R., Ca-suso-Holgado, M.J., & Pinero-Pinto, E. (2022). Entrepreneurial intention, ex-pectations of success and self-efficacy in undergraduate students of health scienc-es. BMC Medical Education, 22(1):679. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03731-x
Salminen, L., Lindberg, E., Gustafsson, M.-L., Heinonen, J. & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2014). En-trepreneurship Education in Health Care Education. Education Research Interna-tional, 2014, 312810, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/312810
Sesen H. (2013). Personality or environment? A comprehensive study on the entrepre-neurial intentions of university
students. Education + Training, 55(7), 624-640. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2012-0059
Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.2307/259271
Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2017). Trailblazing in entrepreneurship: Creating new paths for understanding the field. Springer Nature.
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S. & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship pro-grammes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and re-sources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002
Sundjaja, J.H., Shrestha, R. & Krishan, K. (2022). McNemar and Mann-Whitney U Tests. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560699/
Suryavanshi, T., Lambert, S., Lal, S., Chin, A., & Chan, T.M. (2020). Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Health Sciences Education: a Scoping Review. Medical Science Edu-cator, 30(4):1797-1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-020-01050-8
Thompson, E.R. (2009). Individual Entrepre-neurial Intent: Construct Clarification and Development of an Internationally Relia-ble Metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x
Uike, D.D. (2019). The Impact of Marital Status on the Entrepreneurial Intention of Peo-ple. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 6(5), 202-212. http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRCE06028.pdf
Wang, K. & Li, G. (2012). Study on the relation-ship between entrepreneurship educa-tion and entrepreneurial willingness un-der the intermediary effect of entrepre-neurship endowment. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 25, 189–193. https://doi.org/10.3963/j.issn.1671-6477.2012.02.010
Wang, X. & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Rec-ommendations. Chest, 158(1S): S65-S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
Ward, A., Hernández-Sánchez, B.R., & Sánchez-García, J.C. (2019). Entrepreneurial Po-tential and Gender Effects: The Role of Personality Traits in University Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2700. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02700
Zhang, J. P. & Huang, J. H. (2021). Entrepre-neurial self-efficacy mediates the impact of the post-pandemic entrepreneurship environment on college students’
entrepreneurial intention. Frontiers in Psychology, 12:643184. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643184
Zhang, W., Li, Y., Zeng, Q., Zhang, M., & Lu, X. (2022). Relationship between Entrepre-neurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention among College Students: A Me-ta-Analysis. International Journal of Envi-ronmental Research and Public Health, 19,12158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912158
Zhu, F., Yu, W., Fan, S.X., & Jonathan, J.G. (2023). Should I stay or should I go? The impact of entrepreneurs’ loneliness on business exit intentions through entre-preneurial passion. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00368
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behav-ior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Asoh, D.A., Rivers, P.A., McCleary, K.J. & Sarvela, P. (2005). Entrepreneurial Pro-pensity in Health Care: Models and Prop-ositions for Empirical Research. Health Care Management Review 30(3), 212-219. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004010-200507000-00005
Barrera-Verdugo, G., Cadena-Echverría, J., Vil-larroel-Villarroel, A., & Contreras-Fuenzalida, M. (2023). Influence of stu-dents' personality, gender, income, and age on their intentions to create new in-formation technology and telecommuni-cations ventures. PLoS One, 18(7): e0284488. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284488
Barrera-Verdugo, G. & Villarroel-Villarroel, A. (2022). Evaluating the relationship be-tween social media use frequency and en-trepreneurial perceptions and attitudes among students. Heliyon, 8(4): e09214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09214
Bilgiseven, E.B. & Kasımoğlu, M. (2019). Anal-ysis of Factors Leading to Entrepreneuri-al Intention. Procedia Computer Science, 158(C), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.127
Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442–453. https://doi.org/10.2307/258091
Collado, Z.C. (2019). Challenges in public health facilities and services: evidence from a geographically isolated and disad-vantaged area in the Philippines. Journal of Global Health Reports, 3: e2019059. https://doi.org/10.29392/joghr.3.e2019059
Dalimunthe, R.F. (2019). The Effect of Entre-preneurial Mindset, Digital Training, and Supervision on the Competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) for Women. Journal of International Wom-en's Studies, 20(9), 121-131. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss9/11
Davidsson, P. & Wiklund, J. (2001). Levels of analysis in entrepreneurship research: current research practice and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 81–99. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/5568/1/5568.pdf
Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed mode surveys: The tailored design meth-od (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Dotong, E. J., & Manalang, M. G. (2023). The Entrepreneurial Intention of Business Students: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of Reasoned Ac-tion. European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 1(5), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(5).03
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2003). The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. Leadership Quarter-ly, 14(6), 807-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.004
Fayolle, A. & Gailly, B. (2015). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entre-preneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hys-teresis and Persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53, 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12065
Fayolle, A. & Liñán, F. (2014). The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 663–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.11.024
Gianiodis, P. T., Meek, W. R., & Chen, W. (2019). Political climate and academic entrepreneurship: the case of strange bedfellows? Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 12, e00135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00135
Haneberg, D.H. & Aaboen, L. (2020). Incuba-tion of technology-based student ven-tures: The importance of networking and team recruitment. Technology in Society, 63(C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101402
Hartmann, S., Backmann, J., Newman, A., Brykman, K. M., & Pidduck, R. J. (2022). Psychological resilience of entrepre-neurs: A review and agenda for future re-search. Journal of Small Business Man-agement, 60(5), 1041–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.2024216
Ho, R. M.-H., Uy, M. A., Kang, B. N. Y., & Chan, K. Y. (2018). Impact of entrepreneurship training on entrepreneurial efficacy and alertness among adolescent youth. Fron-tiers in Education, 3(13). https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00013
Khanal, K. & Prajapati, B. (2023). Influence of Demographic Factors on Entrepreneurial Intentions among Business Students in Nepal. Journal of Economic Sciences, 2(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4786923
Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employ-ment status choice intentions. Entrepre-neurship Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879602100104
Krieger, A., Block, J, Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2022). Closing the gender gap in entrepreneurship: The im-portance of skill variety. PLoS One, 17(7): e0270976. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270976
Kruskal, W. H., & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analy-sis. Journal of the American Statistical As-sociation, 47(260), 583–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441
Kurniawan, J.E., & Sanjaya, E.L. (2016). The Role of Marital Relation Strategies on Business Efficacy of Young Male Entre-preneurs with Spousal Involvement and Support as Mediators. Open Journal of So-cial Sciences, 4, 56-66. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.49007
Lim, W.M., Ciasullo, M.V., Escobar, O. & Kumar, S. (2024). Healthcare entrepreneurship: current trends and future direc-tions. International Journal of Entrepre-neurial Behavior & Research, 30(8),2130-2157. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2023-0197
Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial in-tentions: Citation, thematic analysis, and research agenda. International
Entrepreneurship and Management Jour-nal, 11(4), 907-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0356-5
Marshall, D. R., Meek, W. R., Swab, R. G., & Markin, E. (2020). Access to resources and entrepreneurial well-being: A self-efficacy approach. Journal of Business Re-search, 120, 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.015
Nabi, G., Walmsley, A., Liñán, F., Akhtar, I., & Neame, C. (2018). Does entrepreneurship education in the first year of higher edu-cation develop entrepreneurial inten-tions? The role of learning and inspira-tion. Studies in Higher Education, 43(3), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1177716
Nobre, A. L. (2002). Entrepreneurship as an attitude: a challenge to innovative man-agers. The International Journal of Entre-preneurship and Innovation, 3(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101299006
Phipps, S.T.A. & Prieto, L.C. (2015). Women versus men in entrepreneurship: A com-parison of the sexes on creativity, politi-cal skill, and entrepreneurial intentions. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 21(1), 32-43. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/aejvol21no12015.pdf
Romero-Galisteo, R.P., González-Sánchez, M., Gálvez-Ruiz, P., Palomo-Carrión , R., Ca-suso-Holgado, M.J., & Pinero-Pinto, E. (2022). Entrepreneurial intention, ex-pectations of success and self-efficacy in undergraduate students of health scienc-es. BMC Medical Education, 22(1):679. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03731-x
Salminen, L., Lindberg, E., Gustafsson, M.-L., Heinonen, J. & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2014). En-trepreneurship Education in Health Care Education. Education Research Interna-tional, 2014, 312810, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/312810
Sesen H. (2013). Personality or environment? A comprehensive study on the entrepre-neurial intentions of university
students. Education + Training, 55(7), 624-640. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2012-0059
Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.2307/259271
Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt, H. (2017). Trailblazing in entrepreneurship: Creating new paths for understanding the field. Springer Nature.
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S. & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship pro-grammes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and re-sources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.05.002
Sundjaja, J.H., Shrestha, R. & Krishan, K. (2022). McNemar and Mann-Whitney U Tests. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560699/
Suryavanshi, T., Lambert, S., Lal, S., Chin, A., & Chan, T.M. (2020). Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Health Sciences Education: a Scoping Review. Medical Science Edu-cator, 30(4):1797-1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-020-01050-8
Thompson, E.R. (2009). Individual Entrepre-neurial Intent: Construct Clarification and Development of an Internationally Relia-ble Metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669–694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x
Uike, D.D. (2019). The Impact of Marital Status on the Entrepreneurial Intention of Peo-ple. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 6(5), 202-212. http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRCE06028.pdf
Wang, K. & Li, G. (2012). Study on the relation-ship between entrepreneurship educa-tion and entrepreneurial willingness un-der the intermediary effect of entrepre-neurship endowment. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 25, 189–193. https://doi.org/10.3963/j.issn.1671-6477.2012.02.010
Wang, X. & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Rec-ommendations. Chest, 158(1S): S65-S71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
Ward, A., Hernández-Sánchez, B.R., & Sánchez-García, J.C. (2019). Entrepreneurial Po-tential and Gender Effects: The Role of Personality Traits in University Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2700. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02700
Zhang, J. P. & Huang, J. H. (2021). Entrepre-neurial self-efficacy mediates the impact of the post-pandemic entrepreneurship environment on college students’
entrepreneurial intention. Frontiers in Psychology, 12:643184. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643184
Zhang, W., Li, Y., Zeng, Q., Zhang, M., & Lu, X. (2022). Relationship between Entrepre-neurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention among College Students: A Me-ta-Analysis. International Journal of Envi-ronmental Research and Public Health, 19,12158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912158
Zhu, F., Yu, W., Fan, S.X., & Jonathan, J.G. (2023). Should I stay or should I go? The impact of entrepreneurs’ loneliness on business exit intentions through entre-preneurial passion. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 19, e00368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00368