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Abstract
This descriptive-correlational study investigates the extent of conflict management and decision-making skills among public higher education institution administrators in Sulu for the Aca-demic Year 2022-2023. The respondents in this study are 200 fac-ulty members, with several statistical methods applied, including frequency counts, percentages, weighted means, standard devia-tions, t-tests for independent samples, One-way ANOVA, and Pear-son's r.
Most respondents were between 20 and 35 years old, female, married, and holding a master's degree. Many faculty members reported having served from 1 to 15 years in their respective insti-tutions. In fact, the respondents agreed that the administrators were pretty successful in getting faculty involved in key decisions concerning the institutions. They also graded the administrators as vigilant and decisive when dealing with sensitive and critical matters.
Interestingly, differences in ratings regarding the faculty's evaluation of administrators' skills for conflict management and decision-making by age, gender, civil status, educational attain-ment, and years of service do not indicate statistical significance. But those who have high grades of administrators for the man-agement of conflict also graded highly the ability to make deci-sions. This study supports Rahim's (2002) proposition that suc-cessful conflict management is made of multiple strategies. Thus, those administrators who make effective decisions on handling conflicts would tend to be good decision-makers.
Finally, it has underlined that to achieve better and sound deci-sion making as well as better management of the institutions in conflict management is needed to become good administrators. Therefore, good administrative leadership does not only work well to facilitate more effectiveness of its own work but also enables more harmony and effectiveness within a higher education public institution. More emphasis needs to be made upon their skill im-provement.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Anuddin, F. O. (2025). Managing Group Conflict and Decision-Making Skills among School Administrators of Public Higher Education Institutions in Sulu. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 6(1), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.06.01.19
References
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Akuffo, I. N. (20150. The Influence of Supervi-sors‟ Conflict Management Style on Em-ployees’ Productive Work Behaviours. European Journal of Business and Man-agement, 17(9), 28-33.
Aming-Hayudini, M. A. E., Aming-Hussin, B. E., Sahial, A. P., Gadong, R., Ujad, R., Warid, L. P., Kahalan, A., Abdulpatta, J., & Alam, H. B. (2024). The Sources of Drinkable Water Used and Its Related Diseases among Barangay Capual Residents Omar, Sulu. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(5), 1-1.
Aming-Hayudini, M. A. E., Jaddani, M. Y. T., & Habibun, S. I. (2022). Practices on waste disposal and its environmental effects. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(8), 1569-1576.
Awan, Abdul Ghafoor; Saeed, Sehar (2015). Conflict Management and Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Askari Bank Ltd. Resaerch Journal of Finance and Accounting, ISSN 2222-1697 (paper) ISSN 2222 2847 (online) Vol.6, No. 11, 2015
Awasthi, Somya; Prabhakar, Priyanka (2019). A Comparative Study of Decision Making Styles & Trainee Coaches and Coaches with Experience. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition, and Physical Edu-cation 2019; SP1: 34-37
Babbie, E. & Mouton, J. 2001. The Practice of Social Research. Cape Town: Oxford Uni-versity Press.
Bano, H., Ashraf, S., and Zia, S. (2013) Conflict: Factors and Resolution Strategies Adopt-ed by Administrators of Schools for Visu-ally Impaired Students. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 405-408.
BANTAYAN¹, J. N. I., HAYUDINI, M. A. A., HUSSIN, B. A., AMING, S. E., & WARID-SAHIAL, A. P. TEACHING PHONEMES AND CONSONANT-VOWEL-CONSONANT TECHNIQUES: IT’S SIGNIFICANCE ON THE READING PERFORMANCE OF GRADE SCHOOL PUPILS OF TANDU BATO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL.
Bless, Claire and Higson-Smith, Craig (1995) Fundamental of Social Work Research: A Research Guide for Students and Begin-ning Practitioner. Juta: Second Edition. ISBN 07021343425, 99780702134326
Bocar, Anna (2016). Decision-Making Capabili-ties of the Tertiary Academic Administra-tors of Immaculate Conception College – La Salle: A Dissertation Excerpt. Research gate Publication
Bratton, J., Callinan, M., Forshaw, C., & Saw-chuk, P. (2007). Work and Organizational behavior: Understanding the workplace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Buenafe, T.; Gorriceta I. (2019), Correlates of School-Based Conflicts in the District of Pilar: A Qualitative Study. The CPC School of Graduate Studies Research Journal, 2019-2020, vol. xix, ISSN No. 2507-9654.
Cadiz et. Al. (2016). A Conflict Management Program for Teachers. The Normal Lights Journal, Volume 10, No. 2 (2016)
Chaudhry, Atif; Asif, Rehman (2015). Organiza-tional Conflict and Conflict Management: A Synthesis of Literature. Journal of Busi-ness and Management Research, 9 (2015) 238-244 p-ISSN: 2356-5756/e-ISSN: 2356-5764
CHED [Comission on Higher Education]. (2015). “Roadmap for Public Higher Edu-cation Reform”. Available online at:http://www.ched.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/Roadmap-for-Public-Higher- Education-Reform1.pdf [accessed in Ma-nila, the Philippines: January 8,2019].
Chitpin, S., & Evers, C. W. (2015). Decision making in educational leader-ship:Principles, policies and practices. New York: Taylor & Francis.
De Dreu, C. K., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team per-formance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psy-chology, 88(4), 741-749.
Ding, N., Xu, X., Yang, H., Li, Y., & Heughten, P. V. (2020). Decision-making styles of Chi-nese business students. Journal of Educa-tion for Business, 95(6), 351-358.
Durai, P. (2015). Principles of management. India: Pearson India Education Services Ltd.
Ebhote, Oseremen; Osemeke, Monday (2015). Conflict Management: Managerial Ap-proach Towards Improving Organiza-tional Performance. International Review of Social Sciencesand Humanities Vol.9, No. 1 (2015) pp. 51-60.
Ehsan, M., & Naeem, B. (2011). Impact of per-ceived organizational justice on organiza-tional commitment of faculty: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1, 92- 98.
Farooqi, M.T. Arshad, F., Khan, H.M., and Ghaffar, A. (2016). Interplay of Conflict Management styles with Teachers‟ Per-formance. International Journal of AYER, 1(2), 305-320.
Greenberg, J. (2016). Behavior in organiza-tions. India: Pearson India Education Ser-vices Ltd.
Greenhalgh, Paul. (1996). “Behaviour: Roles, Responsibilties, and Referrals in the Shadow of the Code of Practice” in Wiley Online Library, on February. Available online also at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ abs/10.1111/j.1467-9604.1996.tb00044.x [accessed in Ma-nila, the Philippines: January 8, 2019].
Haddad, Wadi D. (1995). Education Policy-Planning Process: An Applied Framework. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning. Available online also at: http://www.unesco.org/ educa-tion/pdf/11_200.pdf [accessed in Manila, the Philippines: January 8, 2019].
Hayudini, M. A. A. (2018). Preventive Health Care Measures and Health Promotion Implemented by Public Health Officials in Mainland Sulu. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(4), 1694-2639.
Hayudini, M. A. A., Hussin, B. A., Aming, S. E., & Pangandaman, H. K. (2023). Effects and Perceptions of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Graduate School Students. Kepes, 21(2), 82-87.
Iqbal, Hafiza; Akhtar, Mahr Muhammad Saeed; Saleem, Muhammad (2020). A Study of Decision-Making Styles of Aca-demic Managers in Public Sector Univer-sities of the Punjab. Bulletin of Education and Research, 2020, Vol. 42. No. 2. Pp. 181-196.
Janis IL, Mann L. Decision making: A psycho-logical analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. Free press, 1977. Karim, Darvesh (2015). Managing Conflict by School Leadership: A Case Study of a School from Gilgit – Biltistan. Interna-tional Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences, 2(5), 340-343.
Katz, N.H. & Lawyer, J.W. (1993). Conflict Resolution. Building Bridges. California: Crown Press.
Kipkemboi, S.F., Kipruto, K.I. (2013). Asses-ment of Factors Influencing Management Conflicts in Church Sponsored Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. Internation-al Journal of Scientific and Technology Research Vol.2 No.6: 241-246.
Kumar, S., & Gautam, N. (2018). Decision mak-ing styles among professor in central uni-versity of Bihar - An empirical study of predictors. International Journal of Law and Society, 1(2), 84-91.
Mabunga, R.A; Mabunga, M.E (2019). Conflict Management among Selected Officials of State Universities and Colleges in the Philippines. MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN: Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan, Vol-ume 4(1), Maret 2019
Makori, A and Onderi, H. (2013). Secondary School Principals in Nyamira County in Kenya: Issues and Challenges, Bondo Uni-versity College, Kenya. Educational Re-search International, 1(1), 69-90.
Mann L, Burnett P, Radford M, Ford S. The Melbourne Decision Making Question-naire: An instrument for measuring pat-terns for coping with decisional conflict. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 1997; 10(1):1-19.
Mejia, Elaine Joy; Arpon, Ryan Teofel (2021). Conflict Management Styles of School Heads and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Efficiency. International Journal of Re-search Publication and Reviews, ISSN 2582-7421
Mendoza, L. M. (2011). Conflict, Conflict Man-agement Style and Work Performance of Educational Managers in Selected Public Elementary Schools in Valenzuela City (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Philippine Normal University, Manila.
Morelli, Matteo; Cassagrande, Maria; Forte, Ginseppe (2022). Decision-Making: A Theoretical Review. Integrative Psycho-logical and Behavioral Science 56:609-629,
Nahavandi, A., Denhardt, R. B., Denhardt, J. V., &Aristigueta, M. P. (2015). Organization-al behavior. California: Sage publications Inc.
NEDA [National Economic and Development Authority]. (2014). Philippine Develop-ment Plan, 2011-2016: Midterm Update. Pasig City: National Economic and Devel-opment Authority. Available online also at: http://www.neda.gov.ph/ wp-content/uploads/2014/08/NEDA-PDP-2011-2016-Midterm-Update+Errata2.pdf [accessed in Manila, the Philippines: Jan-uary 8, 2019].
Ngussa, B. M., & Gabriel, L. (2017). Participa-tion in decision making and teachers’ commitment: a comparative study be-tween public and private secondary schools in Arusha Municipality, Tanzania. American Journal of Educational Re-search, 5(7), 801-807.
Olcum, Dincer; Titrek, Osman (2015). The Ef-fect of School Administrators’ Decision-Making Styles on Teachers’ Job Satisfac-tion. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sci-ences 197(2015) 1936-1946
Oliver, Diane; Hioco, Barbara (2012). An Ethi-cal Decision-Making Framework for Community College Administrators. Community College Review 40 (3) 240-254, Sage Pub.com
Prause, Daria; Mujtaba, Bahaudin (2015). Conflict Management Practices for Di-verse. Workplaces. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly 2015, Vol. 6, No. 3, ISSN 2152 - 1034
Putnam, L. L., & Poole, M. S. (1987). Conflict and negotiation. In F. M. Jablin, L. L. Put-nam, K.H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of organizational communica-tion: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 549-599). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Rahim, M. Afzalur (2015). Toward A Theory of Managing Organizational Conflict. The International Journal of Conflict Man-agement 2002, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 206-235.
Ramani K and Zhimin, L. (2010). A survey on conflict resolution mechanisms in public secondary schools: A case of Nairobi province, Kenya. Educational Research and Reviews Vol. 5 (5), 242-256.
Selmer, Jan; Jonasson, Charlotte; Lauring, Jakob (2013). Group Conflict and Faculty
Engagement: Is There a Moderating Ef-fect of Group Trust? Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 2013, Vol. 35, No. 1, 95-109, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1360080x.2013.748477.
Starcke K, Wolf OT, Markowitsch HJ, Brand M. Anticipatory stress influences decision making under explicit risk conditions. Behavioral neuroscience. 2008; 122(6):1352.
Tancinco, Noel (2016). Conflict Management Skills of School Administrators in State Universities of Eastern Visayas. Interna-tional Journal of Engineering Science & Research Technology, ISSN: 2277-9655
Tjosvold, D. (2008). Conflicts in the study of conflict in organizations. In C. K. W. De Dreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The psychol-ogy of conflict and conflict management in organizations (pp. 445-453). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Uchendu, C.C., Anijaobi-Idem, F.N., and Odigue, F.N. (2013). Conflict Management and Organizational Performance in Sec-ondary Schools in Cross River State, Ni-geria. Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies, 2(2) 67-71.
Verdhan, R. (2021). Conflict Management. www.thesisbusiness.com
Voon L.M., Lo C. M., Ngui S.K., N.B. Ayob B.N., (2010) The influence of leadership styles on employees‟ job satisfaction in public sector organizations in Malaysia / Inter-national Journal of Business, Manage-ment and Social Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1:24-32 Retrieved on October 10, 2018 from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215628333
Warid-Sahial, A. P., Hayudini, M. A. A., Gadong, R. J., Ujad, R. J., Warid, L. P., Hussin, B. A., Kahalan, A. J., Abdulpatta, J., & Alam, H. B. B. (2024). The Sources of Drinkable Water Used and Its Related Diseases among Barangay Capual Residents Omar, Sulu. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(5), 1501-1507.
Zhu, Taohong (2013). Conflict Management Between Employees from Different De-partments: Contribution of Organization-al Identification and Controversy. De-partment of Management, Theses and Dissertations, Lingnan University
Ahmed, Khaled; Ahmed, Galal (2015). The Re-lationship between Conflict Management Styles, Job Satisfaction and Organization-al Commitment Among Workers in Public and Private Sectors. Universal Journal of Psychology 3(2): 41-50, 2015, DOI:10.13189/ujp.2015.030203
Akuffo, I. N. (20150. The Influence of Supervi-sors‟ Conflict Management Style on Em-ployees’ Productive Work Behaviours. European Journal of Business and Man-agement, 17(9), 28-33.
Aming-Hayudini, M. A. E., Aming-Hussin, B. E., Sahial, A. P., Gadong, R., Ujad, R., Warid, L. P., Kahalan, A., Abdulpatta, J., & Alam, H. B. (2024). The Sources of Drinkable Water Used and Its Related Diseases among Barangay Capual Residents Omar, Sulu. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(5), 1-1.
Aming-Hayudini, M. A. E., Jaddani, M. Y. T., & Habibun, S. I. (2022). Practices on waste disposal and its environmental effects. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(8), 1569-1576.
Awan, Abdul Ghafoor; Saeed, Sehar (2015). Conflict Management and Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Askari Bank Ltd. Resaerch Journal of Finance and Accounting, ISSN 2222-1697 (paper) ISSN 2222 2847 (online) Vol.6, No. 11, 2015
Awasthi, Somya; Prabhakar, Priyanka (2019). A Comparative Study of Decision Making Styles & Trainee Coaches and Coaches with Experience. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition, and Physical Edu-cation 2019; SP1: 34-37
Babbie, E. & Mouton, J. 2001. The Practice of Social Research. Cape Town: Oxford Uni-versity Press.
Bano, H., Ashraf, S., and Zia, S. (2013) Conflict: Factors and Resolution Strategies Adopt-ed by Administrators of Schools for Visu-ally Impaired Students. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 405-408.
BANTAYAN¹, J. N. I., HAYUDINI, M. A. A., HUSSIN, B. A., AMING, S. E., & WARID-SAHIAL, A. P. TEACHING PHONEMES AND CONSONANT-VOWEL-CONSONANT TECHNIQUES: IT’S SIGNIFICANCE ON THE READING PERFORMANCE OF GRADE SCHOOL PUPILS OF TANDU BATO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL.
Bless, Claire and Higson-Smith, Craig (1995) Fundamental of Social Work Research: A Research Guide for Students and Begin-ning Practitioner. Juta: Second Edition. ISBN 07021343425, 99780702134326
Bocar, Anna (2016). Decision-Making Capabili-ties of the Tertiary Academic Administra-tors of Immaculate Conception College – La Salle: A Dissertation Excerpt. Research gate Publication
Bratton, J., Callinan, M., Forshaw, C., & Saw-chuk, P. (2007). Work and Organizational behavior: Understanding the workplace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Buenafe, T.; Gorriceta I. (2019), Correlates of School-Based Conflicts in the District of Pilar: A Qualitative Study. The CPC School of Graduate Studies Research Journal, 2019-2020, vol. xix, ISSN No. 2507-9654.
Cadiz et. Al. (2016). A Conflict Management Program for Teachers. The Normal Lights Journal, Volume 10, No. 2 (2016)
Chaudhry, Atif; Asif, Rehman (2015). Organiza-tional Conflict and Conflict Management: A Synthesis of Literature. Journal of Busi-ness and Management Research, 9 (2015) 238-244 p-ISSN: 2356-5756/e-ISSN: 2356-5764
CHED [Comission on Higher Education]. (2015). “Roadmap for Public Higher Edu-cation Reform”. Available online at:http://www.ched.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/Roadmap-for-Public-Higher- Education-Reform1.pdf [accessed in Ma-nila, the Philippines: January 8,2019].
Chitpin, S., & Evers, C. W. (2015). Decision making in educational leader-ship:Principles, policies and practices. New York: Taylor & Francis.
De Dreu, C. K., & Weingart, L. R. (2003). Task versus relationship conflict, team per-formance, and team member satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psy-chology, 88(4), 741-749.
Ding, N., Xu, X., Yang, H., Li, Y., & Heughten, P. V. (2020). Decision-making styles of Chi-nese business students. Journal of Educa-tion for Business, 95(6), 351-358.
Durai, P. (2015). Principles of management. India: Pearson India Education Services Ltd.
Ebhote, Oseremen; Osemeke, Monday (2015). Conflict Management: Managerial Ap-proach Towards Improving Organiza-tional Performance. International Review of Social Sciencesand Humanities Vol.9, No. 1 (2015) pp. 51-60.
Ehsan, M., & Naeem, B. (2011). Impact of per-ceived organizational justice on organiza-tional commitment of faculty: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1, 92- 98.
Farooqi, M.T. Arshad, F., Khan, H.M., and Ghaffar, A. (2016). Interplay of Conflict Management styles with Teachers‟ Per-formance. International Journal of AYER, 1(2), 305-320.
Greenberg, J. (2016). Behavior in organiza-tions. India: Pearson India Education Ser-vices Ltd.
Greenhalgh, Paul. (1996). “Behaviour: Roles, Responsibilties, and Referrals in the Shadow of the Code of Practice” in Wiley Online Library, on February. Available online also at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ abs/10.1111/j.1467-9604.1996.tb00044.x [accessed in Ma-nila, the Philippines: January 8, 2019].
Haddad, Wadi D. (1995). Education Policy-Planning Process: An Applied Framework. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning. Available online also at: http://www.unesco.org/ educa-tion/pdf/11_200.pdf [accessed in Manila, the Philippines: January 8, 2019].
Hayudini, M. A. A. (2018). Preventive Health Care Measures and Health Promotion Implemented by Public Health Officials in Mainland Sulu. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(4), 1694-2639.
Hayudini, M. A. A., Hussin, B. A., Aming, S. E., & Pangandaman, H. K. (2023). Effects and Perceptions of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Graduate School Students. Kepes, 21(2), 82-87.
Iqbal, Hafiza; Akhtar, Mahr Muhammad Saeed; Saleem, Muhammad (2020). A Study of Decision-Making Styles of Aca-demic Managers in Public Sector Univer-sities of the Punjab. Bulletin of Education and Research, 2020, Vol. 42. No. 2. Pp. 181-196.
Janis IL, Mann L. Decision making: A psycho-logical analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. Free press, 1977. Karim, Darvesh (2015). Managing Conflict by School Leadership: A Case Study of a School from Gilgit – Biltistan. Interna-tional Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences, 2(5), 340-343.
Katz, N.H. & Lawyer, J.W. (1993). Conflict Resolution. Building Bridges. California: Crown Press.
Kipkemboi, S.F., Kipruto, K.I. (2013). Asses-ment of Factors Influencing Management Conflicts in Church Sponsored Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. Internation-al Journal of Scientific and Technology Research Vol.2 No.6: 241-246.
Kumar, S., & Gautam, N. (2018). Decision mak-ing styles among professor in central uni-versity of Bihar - An empirical study of predictors. International Journal of Law and Society, 1(2), 84-91.
Mabunga, R.A; Mabunga, M.E (2019). Conflict Management among Selected Officials of State Universities and Colleges in the Philippines. MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN: Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan, Vol-ume 4(1), Maret 2019
Makori, A and Onderi, H. (2013). Secondary School Principals in Nyamira County in Kenya: Issues and Challenges, Bondo Uni-versity College, Kenya. Educational Re-search International, 1(1), 69-90.
Mann L, Burnett P, Radford M, Ford S. The Melbourne Decision Making Question-naire: An instrument for measuring pat-terns for coping with decisional conflict. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 1997; 10(1):1-19.
Mejia, Elaine Joy; Arpon, Ryan Teofel (2021). Conflict Management Styles of School Heads and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction and Efficiency. International Journal of Re-search Publication and Reviews, ISSN 2582-7421
Mendoza, L. M. (2011). Conflict, Conflict Man-agement Style and Work Performance of Educational Managers in Selected Public Elementary Schools in Valenzuela City (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Philippine Normal University, Manila.
Morelli, Matteo; Cassagrande, Maria; Forte, Ginseppe (2022). Decision-Making: A Theoretical Review. Integrative Psycho-logical and Behavioral Science 56:609-629,
Nahavandi, A., Denhardt, R. B., Denhardt, J. V., &Aristigueta, M. P. (2015). Organization-al behavior. California: Sage publications Inc.
NEDA [National Economic and Development Authority]. (2014). Philippine Develop-ment Plan, 2011-2016: Midterm Update. Pasig City: National Economic and Devel-opment Authority. Available online also at: http://www.neda.gov.ph/ wp-content/uploads/2014/08/NEDA-PDP-2011-2016-Midterm-Update+Errata2.pdf [accessed in Manila, the Philippines: Jan-uary 8, 2019].
Ngussa, B. M., & Gabriel, L. (2017). Participa-tion in decision making and teachers’ commitment: a comparative study be-tween public and private secondary schools in Arusha Municipality, Tanzania. American Journal of Educational Re-search, 5(7), 801-807.
Olcum, Dincer; Titrek, Osman (2015). The Ef-fect of School Administrators’ Decision-Making Styles on Teachers’ Job Satisfac-tion. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sci-ences 197(2015) 1936-1946
Oliver, Diane; Hioco, Barbara (2012). An Ethi-cal Decision-Making Framework for Community College Administrators. Community College Review 40 (3) 240-254, Sage Pub.com
Prause, Daria; Mujtaba, Bahaudin (2015). Conflict Management Practices for Di-verse. Workplaces. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly 2015, Vol. 6, No. 3, ISSN 2152 - 1034
Putnam, L. L., & Poole, M. S. (1987). Conflict and negotiation. In F. M. Jablin, L. L. Put-nam, K.H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of organizational communica-tion: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 549-599). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Rahim, M. Afzalur (2015). Toward A Theory of Managing Organizational Conflict. The International Journal of Conflict Man-agement 2002, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 206-235.
Ramani K and Zhimin, L. (2010). A survey on conflict resolution mechanisms in public secondary schools: A case of Nairobi province, Kenya. Educational Research and Reviews Vol. 5 (5), 242-256.
Selmer, Jan; Jonasson, Charlotte; Lauring, Jakob (2013). Group Conflict and Faculty
Engagement: Is There a Moderating Ef-fect of Group Trust? Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 2013, Vol. 35, No. 1, 95-109, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1360080x.2013.748477.
Starcke K, Wolf OT, Markowitsch HJ, Brand M. Anticipatory stress influences decision making under explicit risk conditions. Behavioral neuroscience. 2008; 122(6):1352.
Tancinco, Noel (2016). Conflict Management Skills of School Administrators in State Universities of Eastern Visayas. Interna-tional Journal of Engineering Science & Research Technology, ISSN: 2277-9655
Tjosvold, D. (2008). Conflicts in the study of conflict in organizations. In C. K. W. De Dreu & M. J. Gelfand (Eds.), The psychol-ogy of conflict and conflict management in organizations (pp. 445-453). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Uchendu, C.C., Anijaobi-Idem, F.N., and Odigue, F.N. (2013). Conflict Management and Organizational Performance in Sec-ondary Schools in Cross River State, Ni-geria. Research Journal in Organizational Psychology and Educational Studies, 2(2) 67-71.
Verdhan, R. (2021). Conflict Management. www.thesisbusiness.com
Voon L.M., Lo C. M., Ngui S.K., N.B. Ayob B.N., (2010) The influence of leadership styles on employees‟ job satisfaction in public sector organizations in Malaysia / Inter-national Journal of Business, Manage-ment and Social Sciences, Vol.2, No. 1:24-32 Retrieved on October 10, 2018 from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215628333
Warid-Sahial, A. P., Hayudini, M. A. A., Gadong, R. J., Ujad, R. J., Warid, L. P., Hussin, B. A., Kahalan, A. J., Abdulpatta, J., & Alam, H. B. B. (2024). The Sources of Drinkable Water Used and Its Related Diseases among Barangay Capual Residents Omar, Sulu. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(5), 1501-1507.
Zhu, Taohong (2013). Conflict Management Between Employees from Different De-partments: Contribution of Organization-al Identification and Controversy. De-partment of Management, Theses and Dissertations, Lingnan University