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Abstract
The most popular domestic animals in poultry raising are birds, such as chickens, geese, turkeys, and ducks. This study aims to bolster the growth performance of broiler chicken by supplementing bio-stimulant in the drinking water. This was conducted last January 1 to February 7, 2024 at Bacolod City, Philippines. The total number of birds used for this study was 80 broiler chickens. The researchers gathered data on the broiler chicken's weight, average daily gain, and feed conversation ratio within 35 days. The researchers used a com-plete randomized design (CRD) with four treatments replicated four times. All the data gathered were statistically computed, and subject-ed to analysis of variance (ANOVA) in CRD using STAR 2.0.1. Results show that supplementing drinking water with 0.30% BSS mixtures had the heaviest weight of broiler chickens with 0.6984 kg, 1.3321 kg, and 1.7764 kg at weeks 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The same concentra-tion implied broiler chickens' highest average daily gain (ADG) weight with 0.0998 kg, 0.1903 kg, and 0.2538 kg at weeks 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Significant results were also shown by the same concen-tration with the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 1.47, 1.36, and 1.34 at weeks 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Based on the results of the study it recommends supplementing the drinking water of broiler chickens with BSS at a concentration of 0.30%.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Oñal, Jr., P. A., Baylon, J. G., Lobaton, Jr., E. G., & Pelagio , N. M. C. (2025). Bolstering The Growth of Broiler Chicken with Bio-Stimulant as Supple-ment in Drinking Water. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 6(2), 597-607. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.06.02.15
References
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Atsbeha, A. T., & Hailu, T. G. (2021). The impact of effective microorganisms (EM) on egg quality and laying performance of chick-ens. International Journal of Food Science, 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8895717
Baxter, M., Richmond, A., Lavery, U., & O’Connell, N. E. (2020). Investigating op-timal levels of platform perch provision for windowed broiler housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 225, 104967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104967
Begdildayeva, N. (2024). Probiotics Effectss on the Growth Performance and meat Quali-ty of Broiler Chickens. Animals Produc-tion Science. 64. AN23424. Doi:10.1071/AN23424
Biswas, A., Dev, K., Tyagi, P. K., & Mandal, A. (2021). The Effects of Multi-strain Probi-otics as Feed Additives on the Perfor-mance, Immunity, Expression of Nutrient Transporter Genes and Gut Morphometry in Broiler Chickens. Animal Bioscience, 35(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.5712/ab.20.0749
Bossila, E. A. (2023). Comparative effective-ness of organic additives and antibiotics in enhancing meat quality and production performance of broiler chickens. Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research, 48(1), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajar.2023.316067
Choi, J., Kong, B., Bowker, B. C., Zhuang, H., & Kim, W. K. (2023). Nutritional Strategies to improve meat quality and composition in the challenging conditions of broiler production: a review. Animals, 13(8), 1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081386
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Dolinin, I., Bazelin, G., Skovorodin, E., Sharipov, A. & Chodov, I. (2020). The use of bio-stimulant for increasing the body weight gain of chickens. Periodico Tchȇ Quimica. 17(35), 800-812. https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.68_dolinin_pqs_800_812.pdf.
El-Hack, M. E. A., El‐Saadony, M. T., Shafi, M. E., Qattan, S. Y. A., Batiha, G. E., Khafaga, A. F., Abdel‐Moneim, A. E., & Alagawany, M. (2020). Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(6), 1835–1850. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13454
Fadare, A. O., Idowu, O. E., & Maroof, Q. A. (2020). Evaluation of growth traits in three strains of broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(4), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i4.81
Fijalovych, L. M., Kyryliv, Y., & Paskevych, G. А. (2019). Features of providing broiler chickens with exchange energy and pro-tein as important indicators of productivi-ty and quality of the obtained products. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Ag-ricultural Sciences, 21(91), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9110
Gheorghe, A., Hăbeanu, M., Dumitru, M., Lefter, N. A., & Idriceanu, L. (2021). Performance and intestinal microflora response of broilers to a probiotic mixture supple-mentation. Archiva Zootechnica, 24(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.2478/azibna-2021-0005
Gholami-Ahangaran, M., Ahmadi-Dastgerdi, A., Azizi, S., Basiratpour, A., Zokaei, M., & De-rakhshan, M. (2021). Thymol and car-vacrol supplementation in poultry health and performance. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 8(1), 267–288. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.663
Giersberg, M. F., Poolen, I., De Baere, K., Gun-nink, H., Van Hattum, T., Van Riel, J. W., & De Jong, I. C. (2020). Comparative as-sessment of general behaviour and fear-related responses in hatchery-hatched and on-farm hatched broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 232, 105100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105100
Göransson, L., Yngvesson, J., & Gunnarsson, S. (2020). Bird health, housing and man-agement routines on Swedish organic broiler chicken farms. Animals, 10(11), 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112098
Halder, N., Sunder, J., De, A. K. (2024). Probiot-ics in Poultry a Comprehensive Review. JoBAZ. 85(23). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00379-5
Jha, R., Das, R., Oak, S. & Mishra, P. (2020). Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials in Poul-try Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutri-ents Utilization, Growth and Laying Per-formance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review. Animals: Open Access Journal from MDPI, 10(10), 1863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101863
Kushnir, I. M., Semen, I. S., Kolodiy, G. V., Murska, S. D., Kushnir, V. I., & Berbeka, U. Z. (2023). Efficiency of feed additive ap-plication based on bacteria of the genus bacillus. Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Insti-tute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology, 24(1), 63-67. https://doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2023-24-1.09
Litigebew, A., Moges, F., & Kebede, D. (2021). Growth, survival and egg production of exotic chicken breeds under small scale production system in Bahir Dar City Ad-ministration, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technol-ogy, 14(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i2.3
Maharjan, P., Martinez, D., Weil, J., Suesuttajit, N., Umberson, C., Mullenix, G., Hilton, K., Beitia, A., & Coon, C. (2021). Review: Physiological growth trend of current meat broilers and dietary protein and en-ergy management approaches for sus-tainable broiler production. Animal, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100284
Nielsen, S. S., Alvarez, J., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J. A., Bicout, D. J., Garin-Bastuji, B., Rojas, J. L. G., Schmidt, C. G., Herskin, M., Michel, V., Padalino, B., Chueca, M. Á. M., Roberts, H. C., Spoolder, H., Stahl, K., Vil-trop, A., Winckler, C., Mitchell, M., Vinco, L. J., Voslarova E., Candiani, D., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Van der Stede, Y., Velarde, A. (2022). Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers. EFSA Journal, 20(9). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7441
Obianwuna, U. E., Chang, X., Oleforuh-Okoleh, V. U., (2024). Phytobiotics in Poultry Rev-olutionizing Broiler Chicken Nutrition with Plant-derived Gut Health Enhancers. J Animal Sci Biotechnol. 15, 169. https://doi.org/101186/s40104-024-01101-9
Oñal, Jr. P. A., Baldonebro, J. J. C., Cortez, M. D., & Andrade, F. E. (2024). Inducing the Growth and Yield of Mung beans Applied with Different Level of Concentrations of Bio-stimulant Solutions. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Busi-ness and Education Research. 5(2), 555-562. doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.05.02.16.
Oñal, Jr. P. A., Cabillan, E. B., De La Paz, N. A. A., Togle, C., Andrade, F. E., Gayat, F. E., & Buenafe, O. B. (2024). Growth and Productivity Response of Carrots (Daucos carota) Applied with Bio-stimulant Solu-tions. International Journal of Multidisci-plinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 5(10), 4030-4035. doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.05.10.19
Oñal, Jr. P. A., Lapas, P. S., Cortez, Servini, R. A. S., M. D., Andrade, F. E., Cortez, M. D., & Baldonebro, J. J. G. (2024). Maximizing Productivity of Cucumber (Cucumis sati-va, L.) Applied with Bio-stimulant Solu-tions. International Journal of Multidisci-plinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 5(8), 3166-3178. doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.05.08.19.
Oñal, P. A. Jr., & Andrade, F. E. (2024). The Wonders of Bio-stimulant: Rejuvenating World Agriculture for Food Sustainability. Binas Publishing, Guimaras, Philippines. ISBN: 978-621-489-081-1. pp 123
Park, C.J., & Sun, S.S. (2020). Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Enzyme and Micro-organism on Growth Performance, Car-cass Quality, Intestinal Microflora and Fe-ces Odor in Broiler Chickens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science, 47(4), 275-283., 275–283. https://doi.org/10.5536/kjps.2020.47.4.275
Pashaei Jalal, M., Sharifi, S. D., Honarbakhsh, S., & Rouhanipour, H. (2024). Effects of low-energy diets supplemented with emulsifiers on growth performance, nu-trient digestibility, and intestinal mor-phology of broiler chickens. Livestock Sci-ence. 289-105581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105581
Philippot, L., Griffiths, B. S., & Langenheder, S. (2021). Microbial Community Resilience Across Ecosystems and Multiple Disturb-ances. Microbiology and Molecular Biolo-gy Reviews, 85(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00026.20
Pliego, A. B., Tavakoli, M., Khusro, A., Seidavi, A., Elghandour, M. M. M. Y., Salem, A. Z. M., Márquez-Molina, O., & Rivas-Caceres, R. R. (2020). Beneficial and adverse ef-fects of medicinal plants as feed supple-ments in poultry nutrition: a review. An-imal Biotechnology, 33(2), 369–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2020.1798973
Poberezhets, J., Chudak, R., Kupchuk, I., Yaro-pud, V., & Rutkevych, V. (2021). Effect of probiotic supplement on nutrient digesti-bility and production traits on broiler chicken. Journal of Agriculture Science 32(2), 296-302. https://doi.org/10.15159/jas.21.28
Racines, M. P., Solis, M. N., Šefcová, M. A., He-rich, R., Larrea-Álvarez, M., & Revajová, V. (2023). An Overview of the Use and Ap-plications of Limosilactobacillus fermen-tum in Broiler Chickens. Microorganisms, 11(8), 1944. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081944
Soren, S., Mandal, G. P., Mondal, S., Pradhan, S., Mukherjee, J., Banerjee, D., Pakhira, M. C., Amla, N., Mondal, A., Nsereko, V., & Sa-manta, I. (2024). Efficacy of Saccharomy-ces cerevisiae Fermentation Product and Probiotic Supplementation on Growth Performance, Gut Microflora and Immun-ity of Broiler Chickens. Animals, 14(6), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060866
Tainika, B., Şekeroğlu, A., Akyol, A., & Ng’ang’a, Z. W. (2023). Welfare issues in broiler chickens: overview. World’s Poultry Sci-ence Journal, 79(2), 285–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2175343
Trishyna, V., & Gulyaev, V. (2020). Physiological state of broiler chickens and their pro-duction efficiency under the influence of natural carotenoids and phosphatase en-zymes. Innovative Solutions in Modern Science 3(47), 88. https://doi.org/10.26886/2414-634X.3(47)2021.5
Underwood, G., Andrews, D., & Phung, T. (2021). Advances in genetic selection and breeder practice improve commercial layer hen welfare. Animal Production Sci-ence, 61(10), 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1071/an20383
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Atsbeha, A. T., & Hailu, T. G. (2021). The impact of effective microorganisms (EM) on egg quality and laying performance of chick-ens. International Journal of Food Science, 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8895717
Baxter, M., Richmond, A., Lavery, U., & O’Connell, N. E. (2020). Investigating op-timal levels of platform perch provision for windowed broiler housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 225, 104967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104967
Begdildayeva, N. (2024). Probiotics Effectss on the Growth Performance and meat Quali-ty of Broiler Chickens. Animals Produc-tion Science. 64. AN23424. Doi:10.1071/AN23424
Biswas, A., Dev, K., Tyagi, P. K., & Mandal, A. (2021). The Effects of Multi-strain Probi-otics as Feed Additives on the Perfor-mance, Immunity, Expression of Nutrient Transporter Genes and Gut Morphometry in Broiler Chickens. Animal Bioscience, 35(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.5712/ab.20.0749
Bossila, E. A. (2023). Comparative effective-ness of organic additives and antibiotics in enhancing meat quality and production performance of broiler chickens. Al-Azhar Journal of Agricultural Research, 48(1), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajar.2023.316067
Choi, J., Kong, B., Bowker, B. C., Zhuang, H., & Kim, W. K. (2023). Nutritional Strategies to improve meat quality and composition in the challenging conditions of broiler production: a review. Animals, 13(8), 1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13081386
De Lima Almeida Paz, I. C., De Lima Almeida, I. C., De La Vega, L. T., Milbradt, E. L., Bor-ges, M. R., Chaves, G. H. C., Ouros, C. C. D., Da Silva, M. I. L., Caldara, F. R., & Filho, R. L. A. (2019). Productivity and Well-Being of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Probiotic. Journal of Applied Poultry Re-search, 28(4), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfz054
Dolinin, I., Bazelin, G., Skovorodin, E., Sharipov, A. & Chodov, I. (2020). The use of bio-stimulant for increasing the body weight gain of chickens. Periodico Tchȇ Quimica. 17(35), 800-812. https://doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.68_dolinin_pqs_800_812.pdf.
El-Hack, M. E. A., El‐Saadony, M. T., Shafi, M. E., Qattan, S. Y. A., Batiha, G. E., Khafaga, A. F., Abdel‐Moneim, A. E., & Alagawany, M. (2020). Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(6), 1835–1850. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13454
Fadare, A. O., Idowu, O. E., & Maroof, Q. A. (2020). Evaluation of growth traits in three strains of broiler chicken. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 47(4), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i4.81
Fijalovych, L. M., Kyryliv, Y., & Paskevych, G. А. (2019). Features of providing broiler chickens with exchange energy and pro-tein as important indicators of productivi-ty and quality of the obtained products. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. Series: Ag-ricultural Sciences, 21(91), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9110
Gheorghe, A., Hăbeanu, M., Dumitru, M., Lefter, N. A., & Idriceanu, L. (2021). Performance and intestinal microflora response of broilers to a probiotic mixture supple-mentation. Archiva Zootechnica, 24(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.2478/azibna-2021-0005
Gholami-Ahangaran, M., Ahmadi-Dastgerdi, A., Azizi, S., Basiratpour, A., Zokaei, M., & De-rakhshan, M. (2021). Thymol and car-vacrol supplementation in poultry health and performance. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 8(1), 267–288. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.663
Giersberg, M. F., Poolen, I., De Baere, K., Gun-nink, H., Van Hattum, T., Van Riel, J. W., & De Jong, I. C. (2020). Comparative as-sessment of general behaviour and fear-related responses in hatchery-hatched and on-farm hatched broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 232, 105100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105100
Göransson, L., Yngvesson, J., & Gunnarsson, S. (2020). Bird health, housing and man-agement routines on Swedish organic broiler chicken farms. Animals, 10(11), 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112098
Halder, N., Sunder, J., De, A. K. (2024). Probiot-ics in Poultry a Comprehensive Review. JoBAZ. 85(23). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-024-00379-5
Jha, R., Das, R., Oak, S. & Mishra, P. (2020). Probiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials in Poul-try Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutri-ents Utilization, Growth and Laying Per-formance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review. Animals: Open Access Journal from MDPI, 10(10), 1863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101863
Kushnir, I. M., Semen, I. S., Kolodiy, G. V., Murska, S. D., Kushnir, V. I., & Berbeka, U. Z. (2023). Efficiency of feed additive ap-plication based on bacteria of the genus bacillus. Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Insti-tute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology, 24(1), 63-67. https://doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2023-24-1.09
Litigebew, A., Moges, F., & Kebede, D. (2021). Growth, survival and egg production of exotic chicken breeds under small scale production system in Bahir Dar City Ad-ministration, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Science and Technol-ogy, 14(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejst.v14i2.3
Maharjan, P., Martinez, D., Weil, J., Suesuttajit, N., Umberson, C., Mullenix, G., Hilton, K., Beitia, A., & Coon, C. (2021). Review: Physiological growth trend of current meat broilers and dietary protein and en-ergy management approaches for sus-tainable broiler production. Animal, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100284
Nielsen, S. S., Alvarez, J., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J. A., Bicout, D. J., Garin-Bastuji, B., Rojas, J. L. G., Schmidt, C. G., Herskin, M., Michel, V., Padalino, B., Chueca, M. Á. M., Roberts, H. C., Spoolder, H., Stahl, K., Vil-trop, A., Winckler, C., Mitchell, M., Vinco, L. J., Voslarova E., Candiani, D., Mosbach-Schulz, O., Van der Stede, Y., Velarde, A. (2022). Welfare of domestic birds and rabbits transported in containers. EFSA Journal, 20(9). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7441
Obianwuna, U. E., Chang, X., Oleforuh-Okoleh, V. U., (2024). Phytobiotics in Poultry Rev-olutionizing Broiler Chicken Nutrition with Plant-derived Gut Health Enhancers. J Animal Sci Biotechnol. 15, 169. https://doi.org/101186/s40104-024-01101-9
Oñal, Jr. P. A., Baldonebro, J. J. C., Cortez, M. D., & Andrade, F. E. (2024). Inducing the Growth and Yield of Mung beans Applied with Different Level of Concentrations of Bio-stimulant Solutions. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Busi-ness and Education Research. 5(2), 555-562. doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.05.02.16.
Oñal, Jr. P. A., Cabillan, E. B., De La Paz, N. A. A., Togle, C., Andrade, F. E., Gayat, F. E., & Buenafe, O. B. (2024). Growth and Productivity Response of Carrots (Daucos carota) Applied with Bio-stimulant Solu-tions. International Journal of Multidisci-plinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 5(10), 4030-4035. doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.05.10.19
Oñal, Jr. P. A., Lapas, P. S., Cortez, Servini, R. A. S., M. D., Andrade, F. E., Cortez, M. D., & Baldonebro, J. J. G. (2024). Maximizing Productivity of Cucumber (Cucumis sati-va, L.) Applied with Bio-stimulant Solu-tions. International Journal of Multidisci-plinary: Applied Business and Education Research. 5(8), 3166-3178. doi: 10.11594/ijmaber.05.08.19.
Oñal, P. A. Jr., & Andrade, F. E. (2024). The Wonders of Bio-stimulant: Rejuvenating World Agriculture for Food Sustainability. Binas Publishing, Guimaras, Philippines. ISBN: 978-621-489-081-1. pp 123
Park, C.J., & Sun, S.S. (2020). Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Enzyme and Micro-organism on Growth Performance, Car-cass Quality, Intestinal Microflora and Fe-ces Odor in Broiler Chickens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science, 47(4), 275-283., 275–283. https://doi.org/10.5536/kjps.2020.47.4.275
Pashaei Jalal, M., Sharifi, S. D., Honarbakhsh, S., & Rouhanipour, H. (2024). Effects of low-energy diets supplemented with emulsifiers on growth performance, nu-trient digestibility, and intestinal mor-phology of broiler chickens. Livestock Sci-ence. 289-105581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105581
Philippot, L., Griffiths, B. S., & Langenheder, S. (2021). Microbial Community Resilience Across Ecosystems and Multiple Disturb-ances. Microbiology and Molecular Biolo-gy Reviews, 85(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00026.20
Pliego, A. B., Tavakoli, M., Khusro, A., Seidavi, A., Elghandour, M. M. M. Y., Salem, A. Z. M., Márquez-Molina, O., & Rivas-Caceres, R. R. (2020). Beneficial and adverse ef-fects of medicinal plants as feed supple-ments in poultry nutrition: a review. An-imal Biotechnology, 33(2), 369–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2020.1798973
Poberezhets, J., Chudak, R., Kupchuk, I., Yaro-pud, V., & Rutkevych, V. (2021). Effect of probiotic supplement on nutrient digesti-bility and production traits on broiler chicken. Journal of Agriculture Science 32(2), 296-302. https://doi.org/10.15159/jas.21.28
Racines, M. P., Solis, M. N., Šefcová, M. A., He-rich, R., Larrea-Álvarez, M., & Revajová, V. (2023). An Overview of the Use and Ap-plications of Limosilactobacillus fermen-tum in Broiler Chickens. Microorganisms, 11(8), 1944. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081944
Soren, S., Mandal, G. P., Mondal, S., Pradhan, S., Mukherjee, J., Banerjee, D., Pakhira, M. C., Amla, N., Mondal, A., Nsereko, V., & Sa-manta, I. (2024). Efficacy of Saccharomy-ces cerevisiae Fermentation Product and Probiotic Supplementation on Growth Performance, Gut Microflora and Immun-ity of Broiler Chickens. Animals, 14(6), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060866
Tainika, B., Şekeroğlu, A., Akyol, A., & Ng’ang’a, Z. W. (2023). Welfare issues in broiler chickens: overview. World’s Poultry Sci-ence Journal, 79(2), 285–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2023.2175343
Trishyna, V., & Gulyaev, V. (2020). Physiological state of broiler chickens and their pro-duction efficiency under the influence of natural carotenoids and phosphatase en-zymes. Innovative Solutions in Modern Science 3(47), 88. https://doi.org/10.26886/2414-634X.3(47)2021.5
Underwood, G., Andrews, D., & Phung, T. (2021). Advances in genetic selection and breeder practice improve commercial layer hen welfare. Animal Production Sci-ence, 61(10), 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1071/an20383
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