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Nov 13, 2021
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Abstract
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is centrally important and is superior to other cultures, and influences how people would communicate with others from different cultural backgrounds in a multicultural society. This study describes the perceptions of criminology faculty and students towards reducing ethnocentrism through multiculturalism and social learning. This quantitative descriptive research determined the perceptions of 50 purposively selected faculty member and 125 criminology students from selected universities in Metro Manila towards reducing ethnocentrism through multiculturalism and social learning. The researcher-developed questionnaire was administered online using Google Form. Data privacy and confidentiality were considered during the conduct of the entire study. Data were analysed using frequency and percentage distribution, mean, and rank. The majority of the respondents belong to the age group of 20 and younger. The respondents were dominated by males, and were singles. The majority of student respondents were in the first year. The majority of faculty respondents have master’s degree and 1- 10 years of teaching experience, and were regular/permanent employees. In terms of monthly gross income, 25 or 50% of faculty respondents earn P 30,000- 39,999.00. The majority of the faculty and criminology students believed that ethnocentrism can be reduced through multiculturalism and social learning, such that, social learning can be activated through self-awareness to tolerating differences to appreciating the benefits of differences. As gleaned from the study, ethnocentrism can be reduced by modeling an open-minded and accepting organizational climate amidst cultural diversity and complimenting social learning in developing social intelligence, promoting mutual respect, and active listening that leads to intercultural collaboration in this culturally diverse police force and societies.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Tagle, A. (2021). Reducing Ethnocentrism through Multiculturalism and Social Learning in Multicultural Societies. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(11), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.11594/10.11594/ijmaber.02.11.15
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2. Njoroge, M. W., & Kirori, G. N. (2014). Ethnocentrism: Significance and effects on Kenyan society. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 8(9), 356-367.
3. Shakeebaee, G., Pishghadam, R., & Khajavy, G. H. (2017). Examining Ethnocentrism, Emotionalization, and Life Syllabus in Foreign Language Achievement. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 343-360. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.10420a
4. Taylor, S. (2006). Communicating across cultures. Manager: British Journal of Administrative Management, (71), 12-13.
5. Dasig Jr, D. (2017). A frontier in organizational and business process innovation in service management through lean six sigma Kaizen project implementation. Journal of Administrative and Business Studies, 3(6), 263-283.
6. Shala, Blerim; Cooper, Robin (2014). Thompson, Sherwood (ed.). Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-1606-8. OCLC 900277068.
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8. McCornack, Steven; Ortiz, Joseph (2017). Choices and Connections: An Introduction to Communication. Boston, New York: Bedford/St.Martin's. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-319-20116-6. OCLC 1102471079
9. Gabon, M. G. (2021). Antecedents and Consequents of Multiculturalism and Social Diversity among Law Enforcement Workplace in Metro Manila. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(9), 835-842.
10. Soriano, R. N. (2021). Melting Pot or Salad Bowl: Metro Manila's Cultural Heterogeneity. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(9), 745-751.
11. Butcher, M.M., & Haggard, C. (2009, November).Ethnocentrism and intercultural willingness to communicate: A cross-cultural comparison between Chinese and US college students. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the NCA 95:th Annual Convention, Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p368397_index.html
12. Hooghe, Marc.(2008) "Ethnocentrism." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences: 1–5.
13. Neuliep, J. W., & McCroskey, J. C. (1997).The development of a U.S. and generalized ethnocentrism scale. Communication Research Reports, 14, 385-398.
14. Neuliep, J. W., Chaudoir, M., & McCroskey, J. C. (2001). A cross-cultural comparison of ethnocentrism among Japanese and United States college students. Communication Research Reports,18, 137-146.
15. Lin, Y., & Rancer, A. S. (2003a). Ethnocentrism, intercultural communication apprehension, intercultural willingness-to-communicate, and intentions to participate in an intercultural dialogue program: Testing a proposed model. Communication Research Reports, 20(1), 62-72.
16. Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (2003). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication (4:thed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
17. Neuliep, J. W., Hintz, S. M., &McCroskey, J. C. (2005). The influence of ethnocentrism in organizational contexts: Perceptions of interviewee and managerial attractiveness, credibility, and effectiveness. Communication Quarterly, 53(1), 41-56.
18. Austria, D., Milani, M., Dasig Jr, D. D., & Valderama, A. M. C. (2015, May). Exploratory Study on Learner-Driven Blended Learning Environment. In 2nd International Conference in Education, Psychology, and Social Science (ICEPSS) International Research Enthusiast Society Inc.(IRES Inc.) May (pp. 22-23).
19. Cuyugan, A. B. S., Agus, G. E., Dasig Jr, D. D., Nidea, M. A., Claricia, E. E., Taduyo, M. A. B., & Camacho, E. J. (2017). In aid of community policy and framework development: A sustainable integrated community advancement program. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 87-95.
20. Martin, D. S. (1987). Reducing ethnocentrism. Teaching Exceptional Children, 20(1), 4-8.
21. Pahayahay, A. B., Asejo, N. R., Pangan, S. M., Dasig Jr, D. D., & Panganiban Jr, A. S. (2017). A concurrent exploratory study on sectoral engagement model of an altruistic corporate social responsibility in bureau of jail management and penology. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 2(2).
22. Kaya, Y., Arslan, S., Erbaş, A., Yaşar, B. N., & Küçükkelepçe, G. E. (2021). The effect of ethnocentrism and moral sensitivity on intercultural sensitivity in nursing students, descriptive cross-sectional research study. Nurse Education Today, 100, 104867.
23. Dong, Q., Day, K., & Collaço, C. M. (2008, May) Overcoming ethnocentrism through developing intercultural communication sensitivity and multiculturalism. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, TBA, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Retrieve from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p232662_index.html
24. Dasig Jr, D. D., Taduyo, M. A. B., Gatpandan, M. P., Guarin, R. V. F., & Gatpandan, P. H. Implementing Classification Techniques in Predicting Incidents in a Higher Education Institution in the Philippines.
25. Valderama, A. M. C., Mangaba, J. B., Traballo, R. C., Gatpandan, P. H., Taduyo, M. A. B., Dasig, D. D., ... & Vinluan, A. A. (2018). Efficacy of Learning Scaffolds and Learner-User Experience (UX) in the Zone of Proximal Development. In 2018 IEEE 10th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment and Management (HNICEM) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
26. Albert Bandura (1971). "Social Learning Theory" (PDF). General Learning Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
27. Laland, K. N. (2004). Social learning strategies. Animal Learning & Behavior, 32(1), 4-14.
28. Bandura, Albert (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
29. Reed, M. S., Evely, A. C., Cundill, G., Fazey, I., Glass, J., Laing, A., ... & Stringer, L. C. (2010). What is social learning?. Ecology and society, 15(4).
30. Renzetti, Claire; Curran, Daniel; Maier, Shana (2012). Women, Men, and Society. Pearson. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0205863693.
31. Triandis, H. C. (1990). Theoretical concepts that are applicable to the analysis of ethnocentrism. Applied cross-cultural psychology, 14, 34-55.
32. Bandura, Albert (1977). Social Learning Theory. Oxford, England: Prentice-Hall.
33. Dasig Jr, D. D., Benosa, M. C., Pahayahay, A. B., Asejo, N. R., Tadeo, C., CERVANTES, M. E., ... & Sabado, D. C. (2017). Glocalization of technology capability in these technological constellations. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 2(2).
34. Valderama, A. M. C., Dasig Jr, D. D., Taduyo, M. A. B., Gatpandan, M. P., Traballo, R. C., & Gatpandan, P. H. (2019). The Implications of Value-Based Approach in the Compliance of a Faculty Deliverable: A Lean Project Management Methodology. International Journal of Simulation--Systems, Science & Technology, 20.
35. GATPANDAN, P. H., ROSAS, M. F., & DASIG JR, D. A. N. I. E. L. (2017). Microsoft office specialist and microsoft technology associate certification: An integrated curriculum for technical skills validation. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(5), 277-283.
36. Dasig Jr, D., & Pascua, S. (2016, March). Effects of digital learning objects in teaching realtime system. In Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1488-1498). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
37. Dasig Jr, D. D. (2014). A study on the sectors of economy serviced by pre-industry system developers among companies in Metro Manila: A tool for business reengineering. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.7277.
38. Chen, G.-M., & Starosta, W. J. (1998). Foundations of intercultural communication. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
39. Dasig Jr, D. D., Tadeo, C., Sabado, D., Cervantes, M. E., Mansueto, M., Pahayahay, A. B., ... & Traballo, R. (2017). Application of participatory research model in the college research and development program. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 2(2).
40. Dasig Jr, D. (2014, February). User experience of embedded system students on Arduino and field programmable gate array (FPGA). In Proc. of the Second Intl. Conf. on Advances in Applied Science and Environmental Engineering-ASEE (pp. 124-128).