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Mar 25, 2025
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Abstract
This study explores the causes of anti-tourism protests and highlights measures to prevent their negative impact on regional tourism sustainability. Local behaviours are analysed through Doxey's Tolerance Model and Social Exchange Theory. Over tourism and the protests organized by local people due to this situation constitute important problems in terms of sustainable tourism. In the study conducted as qualitative research, 88 news content obtained from the Google News platform were examined with thematic analysis method and answers to the research questions were sought. The results show that the main reasons for anti-tourism protests are tourist behaviour, destruction of natural resources, accommodation problems, deficiencies of local governments and exceeding the carrying capacity. In addition, it was determined that the protests against tourists are related to the lack of economic and social benefits that local people obtain from tourism. The study emphasized that anti-tourism movements can damage the international image of the region by creating negative feelings such as fear and anxiety in tourists. Recommendations for local governments include tourist entry and accommodation regulations, environmental measures and guiding tourists' behaviour. The study states that sustainable tourism can be achieved through cooperation between local people, tourists and governments, and recommends that more comprehensive research be conducted in the future. The theoretical importance of this study is that it draws attention to the fact that the basis of anti-tourism protests is not the tourist-local community relationship, but the lack of social and economic welfare and the unsustainable use of resources.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Çiçekdağı, M. (2025). Local Protests Against Over Tourism: Causes, Effects and Solutions. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 6(3), 1360-1380. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.06.03.26
References
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Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Re-search in Psychology, 3(2), pp. 77-101.
Butler, R. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for man-agement of resources. Canadian Geogra-pher, 24(1), pp. 5-12.
Butler, R. (2006). The Tourism Area Life Cycle Vol 1. (R. Butler, Ed.) Channel View Pub-lications.
Butler, R. (2024). Tourism destination devel-opment: the tourism area life cycle mod-el. Tourism Geographies, pp. 1-9. doi:10.1080/14616688.2024.2325932
Butler, R. W. (1974). The social implications of tourist developments, 2(2), 100-111. An-nals of Tourism Research, 2(2), pp. 100-111.
Buzlukçu, C. (2020). Yerel halkın yer kimliği, topluluğa bağlılığı, sürdürülebilir turizm tutumu, turizmin gelişimini destekleme tutumu ve yaşam memnuniyeti ilişkisi. Doctoral Thesis. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Caro-Carreteroa, R., & Monroy-Rodríguezb, S. (2025). Residents’ perceptions of tourism and sustainable tourism management: planning to prevent future problems in destination management-The case of Cá-ceres, Spain. Cogent Social Sciences, 11(1), pp. 1-20. doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2447398
Cooper, C. (2016). Essentials of Tourism (2 ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
Cordero, J. C. (2008). Residents’ perception of tourism: a critical theoretical and meth-odological review. CIENCIA ergo-sum, Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria de Prospectiva, 15(1), pp. 35-44.
Çam, O., & Çelik, C. (2022). Aşırı turizm kapsamında turistlere yönelik olumsuz ifadeler, yapılan eylemler ve bunların tur-izme yansımalarının değerlendirilmesi. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), pp. 66-84.
Dodds, R., & Butler, R. (2019). The phenomena of over tourism: a review. International Journal of Tourism Cities, pp. 519-528. doi:10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0090
Doxey, G. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants: methodology and re-search inferences in the impact of tour-ism. Sixth Annual Conference Proceed-ings of the Travel. San Diego, California.
Ertugay, F. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma/esnek desen araştırması: alana ilişkin zorluklar, sorunlar ve imkânlar. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 1(1), pp. 48-68.
Esteves, A., & Vanclay, F. (2013). Social impact assessment and management. University of Strathclyde.
Frent, C. (2016). An overview on the negative impacts of tourism. Journal of tourism – Studies and Research in Tourism, 22.
González-Reverté, F., & Guix, A. S. (2024). The social construction of anti-tourism pro-test in tourist cities: a case study of Barce-lona. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 10(3), pp. 842-859.
González-Reverté, F., & Soliguer-Guix, A. (2024). Tourismification narratives and the ‘transformative turn’ in tourism. an analysis derived from the Spanish press debate on the Barcelona tourism model. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(5), pp. 1324-1343. doi:10.1177/136754942210841
Gössling, S., McCabe, S., & Chen, N. (2020). A socio-psychological conceptualisation of over tourism. Annals of Tourism Re-search, 84, pp. 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.102976
Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism: an improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Re-search, 31(3), pp. 495-516.
Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: a structural modelling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), pp. 79-105.
Harrill, R. (2004). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: a literature review with implications for tourism planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 18(1), pp. 1-16. doi:0885412203260306
Hawryluk, M., Houghton, K., & Andres, M. (2020). COVID exodus fills vacation towns, including Colorado’s high-country destinations, with new medical pressures. Retrieved 2025, from The Colarado Sun: https://coloradosun.com/2020/09/15/coronavirus-exodus-health-impacts-colorado/
Holden, A. (2008). Environment and Tourism (2 ed.). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Kavaz, İ., & Akpolat, Y. (2022). Trafik sosy-olojisi bağlamında bir inceleme: Büyüka-da'da yaşayanlar gözünden günübirlik ziyaretçiler ve kiralık bisikletler. DEÜ Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), pp. 52-89.
Li, J., Weng, G., Pan, Y., Li, C., & Wang, N. (2021). A scientometric review of tour-ism carrying capacity research: coopera-tion, hotspots and prospect. Journal of Cleaner Production, 325. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129278
Malik, A., & Fatima, N. (2024). Over-tourism: a potential threat to Gilgit Baltistan’s envi-ronment, social and cultural heritage. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 5(3), pp. 638-653. doi:10.35484/ahss.2024(5-III)56
Mandic, A., & Kennell, J. (2021). Smart govern-ance for heritage tourism destinations: contextual factors and destination man-agement organization perspectives. Tour-ism Management Perspectives, 39. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100862
Mihalic, T. (2020). Conceptualising over tour-ism: a sustainability approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, pp. 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.103025
Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Russo, A. P. (2024). Anti-tourism activism and the inconven-ient. Tourism Geographies, 26(8), pp. 1313-133. doi:g/10.1080/14616688.2024.2391388
Moore, A. M. (2015). An essay on Doxey’s (1975) Irridex; Ap’s (1992) Social Ex-change Process; and Gursoy and Rurhter-ford’s (2004) Determinants of Communi-ty Support Theories. Ghana: University of Cape Coast.
Müftügil Yalçın, A. S., & Güner, D. (2015). Sosyal Etki Ölçümlemesi. İstanbul: KUSİF Yayınları.
Nunkoo, R., Smith, S. L., & Ramkissoon, H. (2013). Residents’ attitudes to tourism: a longitudinal study of 140 articles from 1984 to 2010. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1), pp. 5-25. doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.673621
Özdemir, G. (2014). Destinasyon Yönetimi ve Pazarlaması (1. Baskı ed.). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism develop-ment. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), pp. 586-599.
Petersen, F. (2001). Blast from the past. Re-trieved 2025, from The Sydney Morning Herald: https://www. smh.com.au/national/blast-from-the -past-20011215-gdf4yo.html?fbclid= i w a R19Nz myuepcDz5aZtWFtn1t6hDcuxiutd6PQa-BY5JNbMke2Kar-nef21g
Rastegar, R. (2025). Regenerative justice and tourism: How can tourism go. Annals of Tourism Research, 111, pp. 2-4. doi:0.1016/j.annals.2025.103896
Seraphin, H., Sheeran, P., & Pilato, M. (2018). Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Mar-keting & Management, 9, pp. 374-376.
Setiawan, B., Arief, M., Hamsal, M., Furinto, A., & Wiweka, K. (2020). Local communities’ perception of and behaviour towards tourism. Psychology and Education, 57(9), pp. 333-340.
Sharpley, R. (2018). Tourism, Tourists and So-ciety. London: Routledge.
Sheldon, P. J., & Abenoja, T. (2001). Resident attitudes in a mature destination: the case of Waikiki. Tourism Management, 22(5), pp. 435-443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00009-7
Storey, L. (2007). Doing interpretative phe-nomenological analysis. In C. Adrian, & L. Evanthia (Eds.), Analysing Qualitative Da-ta in Psychology (pp. 51-64). SAGE Publi-cations.
Tuğsavul, B., & Derkuş, A. (2021). Sosyal etki analizi rehberi. EU Technical Assistance to Civil Society Organizations in the Western Balkans and Türkiye.
UN Tourism. (2024, June). Retrieved 2025, from https://www.unwto.org/news/china-recovers-its-position-as-top-spender-in-2023-as-asia-and-the-pacific-reopens-to-tourism
Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. (2016). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism.Tourism Man-agement, pp. 244-261. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013
Vanclay, F. (2003). International principles for social impact assessment. Impact As-sessment and Project Appraisal, 21(1), s. 5-12.
Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents' percep-tions of community tourism impacts. An-nals of Tourism Research, 32(4), pp. 1056-1076.
Ap, J. (1992). Residents' perceptions on tour-ism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), pp. 665-690.
Bates, S. (2020). A glance at tourism econom-ics over the last decade. Mondes du Tour-isme, pp. 1-18. doi:10.4000/tourisme.3366
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Re-search in Psychology, 3(2), pp. 77-101.
Butler, R. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: implications for man-agement of resources. Canadian Geogra-pher, 24(1), pp. 5-12.
Butler, R. (2006). The Tourism Area Life Cycle Vol 1. (R. Butler, Ed.) Channel View Pub-lications.
Butler, R. (2024). Tourism destination devel-opment: the tourism area life cycle mod-el. Tourism Geographies, pp. 1-9. doi:10.1080/14616688.2024.2325932
Butler, R. W. (1974). The social implications of tourist developments, 2(2), 100-111. An-nals of Tourism Research, 2(2), pp. 100-111.
Buzlukçu, C. (2020). Yerel halkın yer kimliği, topluluğa bağlılığı, sürdürülebilir turizm tutumu, turizmin gelişimini destekleme tutumu ve yaşam memnuniyeti ilişkisi. Doctoral Thesis. Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Caro-Carreteroa, R., & Monroy-Rodríguezb, S. (2025). Residents’ perceptions of tourism and sustainable tourism management: planning to prevent future problems in destination management-The case of Cá-ceres, Spain. Cogent Social Sciences, 11(1), pp. 1-20. doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2447398
Cooper, C. (2016). Essentials of Tourism (2 ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
Cordero, J. C. (2008). Residents’ perception of tourism: a critical theoretical and meth-odological review. CIENCIA ergo-sum, Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria de Prospectiva, 15(1), pp. 35-44.
Çam, O., & Çelik, C. (2022). Aşırı turizm kapsamında turistlere yönelik olumsuz ifadeler, yapılan eylemler ve bunların tur-izme yansımalarının değerlendirilmesi. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), pp. 66-84.
Dodds, R., & Butler, R. (2019). The phenomena of over tourism: a review. International Journal of Tourism Cities, pp. 519-528. doi:10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0090
Doxey, G. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants: methodology and re-search inferences in the impact of tour-ism. Sixth Annual Conference Proceed-ings of the Travel. San Diego, California.
Ertugay, F. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma/esnek desen araştırması: alana ilişkin zorluklar, sorunlar ve imkânlar. Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 1(1), pp. 48-68.
Esteves, A., & Vanclay, F. (2013). Social impact assessment and management. University of Strathclyde.
Frent, C. (2016). An overview on the negative impacts of tourism. Journal of tourism – Studies and Research in Tourism, 22.
González-Reverté, F., & Guix, A. S. (2024). The social construction of anti-tourism pro-test in tourist cities: a case study of Barce-lona. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 10(3), pp. 842-859.
González-Reverté, F., & Soliguer-Guix, A. (2024). Tourismification narratives and the ‘transformative turn’ in tourism. an analysis derived from the Spanish press debate on the Barcelona tourism model. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(5), pp. 1324-1343. doi:10.1177/136754942210841
Gössling, S., McCabe, S., & Chen, N. (2020). A socio-psychological conceptualisation of over tourism. Annals of Tourism Re-search, 84, pp. 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.102976
Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism: an improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Re-search, 31(3), pp. 495-516.
Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: a structural modelling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), pp. 79-105.
Harrill, R. (2004). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: a literature review with implications for tourism planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 18(1), pp. 1-16. doi:0885412203260306
Hawryluk, M., Houghton, K., & Andres, M. (2020). COVID exodus fills vacation towns, including Colorado’s high-country destinations, with new medical pressures. Retrieved 2025, from The Colarado Sun: https://coloradosun.com/2020/09/15/coronavirus-exodus-health-impacts-colorado/
Holden, A. (2008). Environment and Tourism (2 ed.). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Kavaz, İ., & Akpolat, Y. (2022). Trafik sosy-olojisi bağlamında bir inceleme: Büyüka-da'da yaşayanlar gözünden günübirlik ziyaretçiler ve kiralık bisikletler. DEÜ Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), pp. 52-89.
Li, J., Weng, G., Pan, Y., Li, C., & Wang, N. (2021). A scientometric review of tour-ism carrying capacity research: coopera-tion, hotspots and prospect. Journal of Cleaner Production, 325. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129278
Malik, A., & Fatima, N. (2024). Over-tourism: a potential threat to Gilgit Baltistan’s envi-ronment, social and cultural heritage. Annals of Human and Social Sciences, 5(3), pp. 638-653. doi:10.35484/ahss.2024(5-III)56
Mandic, A., & Kennell, J. (2021). Smart govern-ance for heritage tourism destinations: contextual factors and destination man-agement organization perspectives. Tour-ism Management Perspectives, 39. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100862
Mihalic, T. (2020). Conceptualising over tour-ism: a sustainability approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, pp. 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2020.103025
Milano, C., Novelli, M., & Russo, A. P. (2024). Anti-tourism activism and the inconven-ient. Tourism Geographies, 26(8), pp. 1313-133. doi:g/10.1080/14616688.2024.2391388
Moore, A. M. (2015). An essay on Doxey’s (1975) Irridex; Ap’s (1992) Social Ex-change Process; and Gursoy and Rurhter-ford’s (2004) Determinants of Communi-ty Support Theories. Ghana: University of Cape Coast.
Müftügil Yalçın, A. S., & Güner, D. (2015). Sosyal Etki Ölçümlemesi. İstanbul: KUSİF Yayınları.
Nunkoo, R., Smith, S. L., & Ramkissoon, H. (2013). Residents’ attitudes to tourism: a longitudinal study of 140 articles from 1984 to 2010. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1), pp. 5-25. doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.673621
Özdemir, G. (2014). Destinasyon Yönetimi ve Pazarlaması (1. Baskı ed.). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism develop-ment. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), pp. 586-599.
Petersen, F. (2001). Blast from the past. Re-trieved 2025, from The Sydney Morning Herald: https://www. smh.com.au/national/blast-from-the -past-20011215-gdf4yo.html?fbclid= i w a R19Nz myuepcDz5aZtWFtn1t6hDcuxiutd6PQa-BY5JNbMke2Kar-nef21g
Rastegar, R. (2025). Regenerative justice and tourism: How can tourism go. Annals of Tourism Research, 111, pp. 2-4. doi:0.1016/j.annals.2025.103896
Seraphin, H., Sheeran, P., & Pilato, M. (2018). Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Mar-keting & Management, 9, pp. 374-376.
Setiawan, B., Arief, M., Hamsal, M., Furinto, A., & Wiweka, K. (2020). Local communities’ perception of and behaviour towards tourism. Psychology and Education, 57(9), pp. 333-340.
Sharpley, R. (2018). Tourism, Tourists and So-ciety. London: Routledge.
Sheldon, P. J., & Abenoja, T. (2001). Resident attitudes in a mature destination: the case of Waikiki. Tourism Management, 22(5), pp. 435-443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00009-7
Storey, L. (2007). Doing interpretative phe-nomenological analysis. In C. Adrian, & L. Evanthia (Eds.), Analysing Qualitative Da-ta in Psychology (pp. 51-64). SAGE Publi-cations.
Tuğsavul, B., & Derkuş, A. (2021). Sosyal etki analizi rehberi. EU Technical Assistance to Civil Society Organizations in the Western Balkans and Türkiye.
UN Tourism. (2024, June). Retrieved 2025, from https://www.unwto.org/news/china-recovers-its-position-as-top-spender-in-2023-as-asia-and-the-pacific-reopens-to-tourism
Uysal, M., Sirgy, M. J., Woo, E., & Kim, H. (2016). Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism.Tourism Man-agement, pp. 244-261. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013
Vanclay, F. (2003). International principles for social impact assessment. Impact As-sessment and Project Appraisal, 21(1), s. 5-12.