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Dec 12, 2021
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Abstract
Mangrove forest has a significant importance in protecting natural disaster, environmental sustainability and in local economy. In Bangladesh, only mangrove forest Sundarban also servicing for environmental sustainability, protecting tropical cyclone, local employment generation and so on. Thus, its natural properties are being hampered through people involvement and natural calamities. Moreover, Rapid population growth and climate change stimulating these disturbances of natural properties of Sundarbans. This paper aim at how climate change is disturbing mangrove forest in Bangladesh and how this disturbance may be threatful for future environmental sustainability. Interrelation between climate change and disturbance of Sundarbans has been established through various exiting literature review and for quantifying the amount of disturbance remote sensing data has been applied and future threat of environmental sustainability has been assessed by comparing regeneration capacity of Sundarban after a tropical cyclone and amount of disturbance by a tropical cyclone. Result found that climate change increasing the frequency of natural calamities and affecting significantly on mangrove forest due to its complex bio-diversity and strategic location before regeneration of disturbance. On the other hand, threat of mangroves as well as environment is associated with temperature rising, ice melting and sea level rising are increasing because of frequent occurrence, magnitude as comparing with regeneration capacity.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Gupta, S. (2021). Disturbance of Mangrove Forest Due To Climate Change: The Prospects of Sundarban. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 2(12), 1306-1313. https://doi.org/10.11594/10.11594/ijmaber.02.12.02
References
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Allen, J. A., Ewel, K. C., & Jack, J. (2001). Patterns of natu-ral and anthropogenic disturbance of the man-groves on the Pacific Island of Kosrae. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 9(3), 291- 301.
Alongi, D. (2007). The contribution of mangrove ecosys-tems to global carbon cycling and greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas and carbon balances in mangrove coastal ecosystems. Maruzen, Tokyo, 110.
Alongi, D. M. (2008). Mangrove forests: resilience, pro-tection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sci-ence, 76(1), 1-13.
Azad, M.S., Kamruzzaman, M., Osawa, A. (2019). The influences of cyclone on abundance,
Aziz, A., Paul, A.R. (2015). Bangladesh Sundarbans: pre-sent status of the environment and biota. Diversity 7, 242–269.
Barbier, E. B. (2016). The protective service of mangrove ecosystems: A review of valuation
Chandler, W., Secrest, T., Logan, J., Schaefer, R., Szklo, A., Schuler, M., & Huaqing, X. (2002). Climate Change Mitigation in Developing Countries. Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey.
Dasgupta, S., Huq, M., Khan, Z. H., Ahmed, M. M. Z., Mukherjee, N., Khan, M. F., & Pandey, K. (2014). Cyclones in a changing climate: The case of Bang-ladesh Climate and Development, 6, 96– 110.
Dasgupta, S., Islam, M. S., Huq, M., Khan, Z. H., & Hasib, M. R. (2017). Mangroves as protection from storm surges in Bangladesh: The World Bank.
De Almeida, L. T., Olímpio, J. L. S., Pantalena, A. F., de Almeida, B. S., & de Oliveira Soares, M. (2016). Evaluating ten years of management effectiveness in a mangrove protected area. Ocean & Coastal Management, 125, 29-37.
De Lacerda, L. D., Borges, R., & Ferreira, A. C. (2019). Neotropical mangroves: Conservation and sus-tainable use in a scenario of global climate change. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29(8), 1347-1364
Dutta D, Das PK, Paul S, Sharma JR, Dadhwal, VK. (2015). Assessment of ecological disturbance in the man-grove forest of Sundarbans caused by cyclones us-ing MODIS time-series data (2001–2011). Nat Hazards 79(2):775–790
Elsner, J. B., Kossin, J. P., & Jagger, T. H. (2008). The in-creasing intensity of the strongest tropical cy-clones. Nature, 455, 92-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07234
Emanuel, K. A. (2013). Downscaling CMIP5 climate mod-els shows increased tropical cyclone activity over the 21st century.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Amer-ica, 110, 12219–12224
Feller, I. C., Friess, D. A., Krauss, K. W., & Lewis, R. R. (2017). The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change. Hydrobiologia, 803(1), 1-12.
Gosling, S. N., Dunn, R., Carrol, F., Christidis, N., Full-wood, J., de Gusmao, D.,…Kendon, L (2011).Climate: Observations, projections andim-pacts. England: The Met Office.
Greg O'Hare, Cyclones in the Indian Ocean: Facts and figures: SciDevNet Available at: https://www.scidev.net/global/disasters/feature/cyclones-in-the-indian-ocean-facts-and-figures.html
Harun-or-Rashid, S., Biswas, S.R., Bocker, R., Kruse, M. (2009). Mangrove community recovery potential after catastrophic disturbances in Bangladesh. For. Ecol. Manage. 257, 923– 930.
Hossain, I., & Mullick, A. R. (2020). Cyclone and Bangla-desh: A Historical and Environmental Overview from 1582 to 2020. International Medical Journal, 25(6), 2595–2614. https://www.seronijihou.com/article/cyclone-and-bangladesh-a-historical-and- environmental-overview-from-1582-to-2020
Iftekhar, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2004). Degeneration of Bangladesh’s Sundarbans mangroves: a manage-ment issue. International Forestry, Review, 6(2), 123-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.6.2.123.38390
Jia, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Mao, D., & Wang, C. (2018). Monitoring loss and recovery of mangrove forests during 42 years: The achievements of mangrove conservation in China. International journal of ap-plied earth observation and geoinformation, 73, 535-545
Kalra, N., & Kumar, M. (2019). Simulating the impact of climate change and its variability on agriculture. In S. S. Mahadi (Ed.), Climate change and agriculture in India: Impact and adaptation. 21–28.
Kates, R. W., Clark, W. C., Corell, R., & Hall, J. M. C. (2001). Sustainability science. Science, 292, 641-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059386
Lewis III, R. R., Brown, B. M., & Flynn, L. L. (2019). Meth-ods and criteria for successful mangrove forest re-habilitation Coastal wetlands (pp. 863-887): Else-vier
Lugo, A.E. (2008).Visible and invisible efects of hurri-canes on forest ecosystems: an international re-view. Aust Ecol 33(4):368–398
Lugo, A.E, Cintrón G, Goenaga C. (1981). Mangrove eco-systems under stress. In: Barret GW, Rosenberg R, eds. Stress effects on natural ecosystems. Chiches-ter, UK: John Wiley and Sons Limited, 129–153.
Lugo, A.E, Snedaker SC. (1974). The ecology of man-groves. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5: 39–64.
Mandal, M. S. H., & Hosaka, T. (2020). Assessing cyclone disturbances (1988–2016) in the Sundarbans mangrove forests using Landsat and Google Earth Engine. Natural Hazards: Journal of the Interna-tional Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, 102(1), 133-150.
Men´endez, P., Losada, I.J., Torres-ortega, S., Narayan, S., Beck, M.W. (2020). The global flood protection benefits of mangroves. Sci. Rep. 10, 4404.
methods. Marine pollution bulletin, 109(2), 676-681.
Mukul, S.A., Halim, M.A., Herbohn, J. (2021). Forest car-bon stock and fluxes: distribution, biogeochemical cycles, and measurement techniques. In: Leal Fil-ho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (Eds.), Life on Land, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Switzer-land, pp. 365–380. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_23-1
Osland, M. J., Feher, L. C., López-Portillo, J., Day, R. H., Suman, D. O., Menéndez, J. M. G., & Rivera-Monroy, V. H. (2018). Mangrove forests in a rapidly chang-ing world: Global change impacts and conserva-tion opportunities along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 214, 120-140.
Otto, F. E., Philip, S., Kew, S., Li, S., King, A., & Cullen, H. (2018). Attributing high-impact extreme events across timescales—A case study of four diferent types of events. Climatic Change, 149(3–4), 399–412.
Sanderman, J., Hengl, T., Fiske, G., Solvik, K., Adame, M. F., Benson, L., . . . Donato, D. (2018). A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial res-olution. Environmental Research Letters, 13(5), 055002.
Sippo, J. Z., Lovelock, C. E., Santos, I. R., Sanders, C. J., & Maher, D. T. (2018). Mangrove mortality in a changing climate: An overview. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 215, 241-249.
Species diversity and floristic composition in mangrove ecosystem in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Re-gional Stud. Mar. Sci. 28, 100621.
Stork, N. E., Boyle, T. J. B., Dale, V., Eeley, H., Finegan, B., Lawes, M., … Soberonet, J. (1997). Criteria and In-dicators for Assessing the Sustainability of Forest Management: Conservation of Biodiversity. Work-ing Paper, Center For International Forestry Re-search, Sindangbarang, Bogor 16680, Indonesia: SMT Grafika Desa Putera
Thomas, N., Lucas, R., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Rosenqvist, A., & Simard, M. (2017). Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996–2010. PloS one, 12(6), e0179302.
UNEP. (1989). Retrieved from http://www.grida.com .
World Bank. (2000). Bangladesh: Climate Change & Sus-tainable Development. Report No. 21104 BD, Dha-ka
Xenarios, S., & Polatidis, H. (2015). Alleviating climate change impacts in rural Bangladesh: A PROME-THEE outranking-based approach for prioritizing agricultural interventions. Environment, Devel-opment and Sustainability, 17(5), 963–985.
Akber, M.A., Patwary, M.M., Islam, M.A., Rahman, M.R. (2018). Storm protection service of the Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh. Nat. Hazards 94, 405–418.
Ali, A.(1999). Climate change impacts and adaptation assessment in Bangladesh: Climate Research, 12, 109–116.
Allen, J. A., Ewel, K. C., & Jack, J. (2001). Patterns of natu-ral and anthropogenic disturbance of the man-groves on the Pacific Island of Kosrae. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 9(3), 291- 301.
Alongi, D. (2007). The contribution of mangrove ecosys-tems to global carbon cycling and greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas and carbon balances in mangrove coastal ecosystems. Maruzen, Tokyo, 110.
Alongi, D. M. (2008). Mangrove forests: resilience, pro-tection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sci-ence, 76(1), 1-13.
Azad, M.S., Kamruzzaman, M., Osawa, A. (2019). The influences of cyclone on abundance,
Aziz, A., Paul, A.R. (2015). Bangladesh Sundarbans: pre-sent status of the environment and biota. Diversity 7, 242–269.
Barbier, E. B. (2016). The protective service of mangrove ecosystems: A review of valuation
Chandler, W., Secrest, T., Logan, J., Schaefer, R., Szklo, A., Schuler, M., & Huaqing, X. (2002). Climate Change Mitigation in Developing Countries. Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey.
Dasgupta, S., Huq, M., Khan, Z. H., Ahmed, M. M. Z., Mukherjee, N., Khan, M. F., & Pandey, K. (2014). Cyclones in a changing climate: The case of Bang-ladesh Climate and Development, 6, 96– 110.
Dasgupta, S., Islam, M. S., Huq, M., Khan, Z. H., & Hasib, M. R. (2017). Mangroves as protection from storm surges in Bangladesh: The World Bank.
De Almeida, L. T., Olímpio, J. L. S., Pantalena, A. F., de Almeida, B. S., & de Oliveira Soares, M. (2016). Evaluating ten years of management effectiveness in a mangrove protected area. Ocean & Coastal Management, 125, 29-37.
De Lacerda, L. D., Borges, R., & Ferreira, A. C. (2019). Neotropical mangroves: Conservation and sus-tainable use in a scenario of global climate change. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29(8), 1347-1364
Dutta D, Das PK, Paul S, Sharma JR, Dadhwal, VK. (2015). Assessment of ecological disturbance in the man-grove forest of Sundarbans caused by cyclones us-ing MODIS time-series data (2001–2011). Nat Hazards 79(2):775–790
Elsner, J. B., Kossin, J. P., & Jagger, T. H. (2008). The in-creasing intensity of the strongest tropical cy-clones. Nature, 455, 92-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07234
Emanuel, K. A. (2013). Downscaling CMIP5 climate mod-els shows increased tropical cyclone activity over the 21st century.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of Amer-ica, 110, 12219–12224
Feller, I. C., Friess, D. A., Krauss, K. W., & Lewis, R. R. (2017). The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change. Hydrobiologia, 803(1), 1-12.
Gosling, S. N., Dunn, R., Carrol, F., Christidis, N., Full-wood, J., de Gusmao, D.,…Kendon, L (2011).Climate: Observations, projections andim-pacts. England: The Met Office.
Greg O'Hare, Cyclones in the Indian Ocean: Facts and figures: SciDevNet Available at: https://www.scidev.net/global/disasters/feature/cyclones-in-the-indian-ocean-facts-and-figures.html
Harun-or-Rashid, S., Biswas, S.R., Bocker, R., Kruse, M. (2009). Mangrove community recovery potential after catastrophic disturbances in Bangladesh. For. Ecol. Manage. 257, 923– 930.
Hossain, I., & Mullick, A. R. (2020). Cyclone and Bangla-desh: A Historical and Environmental Overview from 1582 to 2020. International Medical Journal, 25(6), 2595–2614. https://www.seronijihou.com/article/cyclone-and-bangladesh-a-historical-and- environmental-overview-from-1582-to-2020
Iftekhar, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2004). Degeneration of Bangladesh’s Sundarbans mangroves: a manage-ment issue. International Forestry, Review, 6(2), 123-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.6.2.123.38390
Jia, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Mao, D., & Wang, C. (2018). Monitoring loss and recovery of mangrove forests during 42 years: The achievements of mangrove conservation in China. International journal of ap-plied earth observation and geoinformation, 73, 535-545
Kalra, N., & Kumar, M. (2019). Simulating the impact of climate change and its variability on agriculture. In S. S. Mahadi (Ed.), Climate change and agriculture in India: Impact and adaptation. 21–28.
Kates, R. W., Clark, W. C., Corell, R., & Hall, J. M. C. (2001). Sustainability science. Science, 292, 641-642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1059386
Lewis III, R. R., Brown, B. M., & Flynn, L. L. (2019). Meth-ods and criteria for successful mangrove forest re-habilitation Coastal wetlands (pp. 863-887): Else-vier
Lugo, A.E. (2008).Visible and invisible efects of hurri-canes on forest ecosystems: an international re-view. Aust Ecol 33(4):368–398
Lugo, A.E, Cintrón G, Goenaga C. (1981). Mangrove eco-systems under stress. In: Barret GW, Rosenberg R, eds. Stress effects on natural ecosystems. Chiches-ter, UK: John Wiley and Sons Limited, 129–153.
Lugo, A.E, Snedaker SC. (1974). The ecology of man-groves. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5: 39–64.
Mandal, M. S. H., & Hosaka, T. (2020). Assessing cyclone disturbances (1988–2016) in the Sundarbans mangrove forests using Landsat and Google Earth Engine. Natural Hazards: Journal of the Interna-tional Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, 102(1), 133-150.
Men´endez, P., Losada, I.J., Torres-ortega, S., Narayan, S., Beck, M.W. (2020). The global flood protection benefits of mangroves. Sci. Rep. 10, 4404.
methods. Marine pollution bulletin, 109(2), 676-681.
Mukul, S.A., Halim, M.A., Herbohn, J. (2021). Forest car-bon stock and fluxes: distribution, biogeochemical cycles, and measurement techniques. In: Leal Fil-ho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T. (Eds.), Life on Land, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Switzer-land, pp. 365–380. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_23-1
Osland, M. J., Feher, L. C., López-Portillo, J., Day, R. H., Suman, D. O., Menéndez, J. M. G., & Rivera-Monroy, V. H. (2018). Mangrove forests in a rapidly chang-ing world: Global change impacts and conserva-tion opportunities along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 214, 120-140.
Otto, F. E., Philip, S., Kew, S., Li, S., King, A., & Cullen, H. (2018). Attributing high-impact extreme events across timescales—A case study of four diferent types of events. Climatic Change, 149(3–4), 399–412.
Sanderman, J., Hengl, T., Fiske, G., Solvik, K., Adame, M. F., Benson, L., . . . Donato, D. (2018). A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial res-olution. Environmental Research Letters, 13(5), 055002.
Sippo, J. Z., Lovelock, C. E., Santos, I. R., Sanders, C. J., & Maher, D. T. (2018). Mangrove mortality in a changing climate: An overview. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 215, 241-249.
Species diversity and floristic composition in mangrove ecosystem in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Re-gional Stud. Mar. Sci. 28, 100621.
Stork, N. E., Boyle, T. J. B., Dale, V., Eeley, H., Finegan, B., Lawes, M., … Soberonet, J. (1997). Criteria and In-dicators for Assessing the Sustainability of Forest Management: Conservation of Biodiversity. Work-ing Paper, Center For International Forestry Re-search, Sindangbarang, Bogor 16680, Indonesia: SMT Grafika Desa Putera
Thomas, N., Lucas, R., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Rosenqvist, A., & Simard, M. (2017). Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996–2010. PloS one, 12(6), e0179302.
UNEP. (1989). Retrieved from http://www.grida.com .
World Bank. (2000). Bangladesh: Climate Change & Sus-tainable Development. Report No. 21104 BD, Dha-ka
Xenarios, S., & Polatidis, H. (2015). Alleviating climate change impacts in rural Bangladesh: A PROME-THEE outranking-based approach for prioritizing agricultural interventions. Environment, Devel-opment and Sustainability, 17(5), 963–985.