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Abstract
In the advent of the “new normal” during the pandemic era, strategies to teach and learn switched to online. Students’ behavior and attitude also shifted from face-to-face to online. This study aims to assess the students' profiles and the prevalence of cyberbullying in the higher education institutions in Central Luzon, Philippines. The study used a descriptive-correlational technique with the help of an online survey to gather data. Using a convenience sampling technique, 300 higher education students participated in the online survey during the first semester of 2021–2022. In order to attain the objective of the study, the investigators used a standardized instrument. With the help of SPSS 23, the data analyst analyzed the gathered data using the following statistical tools: frequency, weighted mean, and non-parametrical tests like Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman rho. The investigator found that the student-respondents were "never" cyberbullying victims or offenders. Furthermore, statistical inferences showed a variation for cyberbullying offenders as to age and sponsorship/scholarship and a weak indirect relationship between cyberbullying offenders and sponsorship/scholarship characteristics of the students. The investigators recommended pertinent implications for the new normal of learning among students and the institution from the study results.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Asio, J. M. R., Dojello, S. D., Etrata-Filio, R., Santos, J. L. M., Capiral, C. I. S., Monzales, R. P., Patiam, A. M. C., Elpedes, J., & Ambrosio, A. J. M. (2022). Prevalence of Cyberbullying in the New Normal of Learning: Implications to Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(4), 640-649. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.04.15
References
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Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Fabito, B.S., Rodriguez, R. L., Diloy, M. A., Trillanes, A. O., Macatom, L. G. T., & Octaviano, M. V. (2018). Ex-ploring mobile game addiction, cyberbullying, and its effects on academic performance among ter-tiary students in one university in the Philip-pines, TENCON 2018 - 2018 IEEE Region 10 Con-ference, 1859-1864. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2018.8650251
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Huang, J., Zhong, Z., Zhang, H., Li, L. (2021). Cyberbully-ing in Social Media and Online Games among Chi-nese College Students and Its Associated Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 4819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094819
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Kowalski, R. M., Dillon, E., Macbeth, J., Franchi, M., & Bush, M. (2020). Racial differences in cyberbully-ing from the perspective of victims and perpetra-tors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(5), 644–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000492
Kowlaski, R.M., Limber, S.P., McCord, L.A. (2019). A de-velopmental approach to cyberbullying: Preva-lence and protective factors. Aggression and Vio-lent Behavior, 45, 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009
Lai, C. S., Mohamad, M. M., Lee, M. F., Salleh, K. Mohd., Sulaiman, N.L., Rosli, D.I., & Chang, W.V.S., (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying among students in Malaysian higher learning institutions. Advanced Science Letters, 23(2), 781-784. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.7492
Lee, E. B. (2017). Cyberbullying: Prevalence and Predic-tors Among African American Young Adults. Journal of Black Studies, 48(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934716678393
Masangcay, D.B. (2020). Defense mechanism of students experiencing cyberbullying: A qualitative analysis on students’ internet interaction. Asia Pacific Jour-nal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(4), 151-160. http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/APJMR-2020.08.04.17.pdf
Meter, D.J., Budziszewski, R., Phillips, A., & Beckert, T.E. (2021). A qualitative exploration of college stu-dents’ perceptions of cyberbullying. TechTrends, 65, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-021-00605-9
Mooketsi, B.E. (2018). An investigation on the preva-lence of cyberbullying amongst undergraduate students in the University of Botswana. Mosenodi Journal, 21(2), 44-54.
Musharraf, S., & Anis-ul-Haque, M. (2018). Cyberbullying is different participant roles: Exploring differences in psychopathology and well-being in university students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 57(1),33-39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324506664_Cyberbullying_in_Different_Participant_Roles_Exploring_Differences_in_Psychopathology_and_Well-being_in_University_Students
Myers, C-A., & Cowie, H. (2019). Cyberbullying across the lifespan of education: Issues and interventions from school to university. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071217
Ndiege, J.R.A., Okello, G, & Wamuyu, P.K. (2020). Cyber-bullying among university students: The Kenyan experience. The African Journal of Information Sys-tem, 12(1), 24-43. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ajis/vol12/iss1/2
Qudah, M.F.A., Albursan, I.S., Bakhiet, S.F.A. Hassan, E.M. A.H., Alfnan, A.A., Aljomaa, S.S., & Al-Khadher, M.M.A. (2019). Smartphone Addiction and Its Re-lationship with Cyberbullying Among University Students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 628–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0013-7
Peled, Y. (2019). Cyberbullying and its influence on aca-demic, social, and emotional development of un-dergraduate students. Heliyon 5, e01393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01393
Saleem, S., Khan, N.F., & Zafar, S. (2021). Prevalence of cyberbullying victimization among Pakistani youth. Technology in Society, 65, 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101577
Shannen, T., Kim, S.-J., & Lee, J. (2021). Empathy, cyber-bullying, and cybervictimization among Filipino adolescents. Child Health Nursing Research, 27(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.1.65
Sobba, K.N., Paez, R.A. & ten Bensel, T. (2017). Percep-tions of Cyberbullying: An Assessment of Per-ceived Severity among College Stu-dents. TechTrends, 61, 570–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-017-0186-0
Wang, H., Zhou, L., & Lei, L. (2021). Using Shattered As-sumption Theory to Understand How Cyberbully-ing Victimization is Linked With Perceived Control Among Chinese College Students. Journal of Inter-personal Vio-lence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211042572
Watts, L.K., Wagner, J., Velasquez, B., & Behrens, P.I. (2017). Cyberbullying in higher education: A liter-ature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.038
Webber, M. A., & Ovedovitz, A. C. (2018). Cyberbullying among college students: A look at its prevalence at a U.S. Catholic University. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 4(2), 101-107. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.4.2.101
Zhong J, Zheng Y, Huang X, Mo D, Gong J, Li M and Huang J. (2021). Study of the Influencing Factors of Cyberbullying Among Chinese College Students Incorporated With Digital Citizenship: From the Perspective of Individual Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 621418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621418
Zhou, Y., Zheng, W. & Gao, X. (2019). The relationship between the big five and cyberbullying among col-lege students: the mediating effect of moral disen-gagement. Current Psychology, 38, 1162–1173 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0005-6
Alqahtani. S., Elbedour, S., Freeman, K., Ricks, E., Reed, G., Reed, K.W., & Merrick, J. (2018). Cyberbullying in colleges and universities: A survey of student experiences and attitudes about cyberbullying. In-ternational Journal of Child Adolescence Health, 11(1), 73-97.https://www.proquest.com/openview/0b185fd1379529de36e33b304747b6c0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2034872
Bilag, S.B., Cadena, C.B., Capdos, M.J.M., Chalmas, C.S., Dawoguey, J.S., Gimarangan, J.I., Movilla, B.A.M., Obfan, R.T., Toyoken, A.A., & Vicente, J.B. (2021). Case study on cyber-bullying among criminal jus-tice and public safety students of the university of Baguio. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 9(1), 158-189. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijarmss&volume=9&issue=1&article=012
Cenat, J.M., Smith, K., Hebert, M., & Derivois, D. (2019). Cyber victimization and suicidality among French undergraduate students: A mediation model. Jour-nal of Affective Disorder, 249, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.026
Coric, M.K., & Kastelan, A. (2020). Bullying through the internet – Cyberbullying. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(2), 269-271. https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:184:123510
Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Fabito, B.S., Rodriguez, R. L., Diloy, M. A., Trillanes, A. O., Macatom, L. G. T., & Octaviano, M. V. (2018). Ex-ploring mobile game addiction, cyberbullying, and its effects on academic performance among ter-tiary students in one university in the Philip-pines, TENCON 2018 - 2018 IEEE Region 10 Con-ference, 1859-1864. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2018.8650251
Gonzales, J. L., & Madrigal, D. V. (2020). Awareness and Incidence of Bullying among Public High School Students in Antique. Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 55-56. https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.240
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2015). Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyber-bullying (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Huang, J., Zhong, Z., Zhang, H., Li, L. (2021). Cyberbully-ing in Social Media and Online Games among Chi-nese College Students and Its Associated Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 4819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094819
Johnson, J.D., & Blackshire, B. (2019). The prevalence and psychological impact of cyberbullying on un-dergraduate students at a historically Black Col-lege and university. Violence and Gender 6(1), 72-77. http://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0068
Kasahara, G.M., Houlihan, D., & Estrada, C. (2019). Gen-der differences in social media use and cyberbully-ing in Belize: A preliminary report. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 11(2), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v11n2p32
Kowalski, R. M., Dillon, E., Macbeth, J., Franchi, M., & Bush, M. (2020). Racial differences in cyberbully-ing from the perspective of victims and perpetra-tors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 90(5), 644–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000492
Kowlaski, R.M., Limber, S.P., McCord, L.A. (2019). A de-velopmental approach to cyberbullying: Preva-lence and protective factors. Aggression and Vio-lent Behavior, 45, 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.02.009
Lai, C. S., Mohamad, M. M., Lee, M. F., Salleh, K. Mohd., Sulaiman, N.L., Rosli, D.I., & Chang, W.V.S., (2017). Prevalence of cyberbullying among students in Malaysian higher learning institutions. Advanced Science Letters, 23(2), 781-784. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.7492
Lee, E. B. (2017). Cyberbullying: Prevalence and Predic-tors Among African American Young Adults. Journal of Black Studies, 48(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934716678393
Masangcay, D.B. (2020). Defense mechanism of students experiencing cyberbullying: A qualitative analysis on students’ internet interaction. Asia Pacific Jour-nal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(4), 151-160. http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/APJMR-2020.08.04.17.pdf
Meter, D.J., Budziszewski, R., Phillips, A., & Beckert, T.E. (2021). A qualitative exploration of college stu-dents’ perceptions of cyberbullying. TechTrends, 65, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-021-00605-9
Mooketsi, B.E. (2018). An investigation on the preva-lence of cyberbullying amongst undergraduate students in the University of Botswana. Mosenodi Journal, 21(2), 44-54.
Musharraf, S., & Anis-ul-Haque, M. (2018). Cyberbullying is different participant roles: Exploring differences in psychopathology and well-being in university students. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 57(1),33-39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324506664_Cyberbullying_in_Different_Participant_Roles_Exploring_Differences_in_Psychopathology_and_Well-being_in_University_Students
Myers, C-A., & Cowie, H. (2019). Cyberbullying across the lifespan of education: Issues and interventions from school to university. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071217
Ndiege, J.R.A., Okello, G, & Wamuyu, P.K. (2020). Cyber-bullying among university students: The Kenyan experience. The African Journal of Information Sys-tem, 12(1), 24-43. https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/ajis/vol12/iss1/2
Qudah, M.F.A., Albursan, I.S., Bakhiet, S.F.A. Hassan, E.M. A.H., Alfnan, A.A., Aljomaa, S.S., & Al-Khadher, M.M.A. (2019). Smartphone Addiction and Its Re-lationship with Cyberbullying Among University Students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 628–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-0013-7
Peled, Y. (2019). Cyberbullying and its influence on aca-demic, social, and emotional development of un-dergraduate students. Heliyon 5, e01393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01393
Saleem, S., Khan, N.F., & Zafar, S. (2021). Prevalence of cyberbullying victimization among Pakistani youth. Technology in Society, 65, 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101577
Shannen, T., Kim, S.-J., & Lee, J. (2021). Empathy, cyber-bullying, and cybervictimization among Filipino adolescents. Child Health Nursing Research, 27(1), 65-74. https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2021.27.1.65
Sobba, K.N., Paez, R.A. & ten Bensel, T. (2017). Percep-tions of Cyberbullying: An Assessment of Per-ceived Severity among College Stu-dents. TechTrends, 61, 570–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-017-0186-0
Wang, H., Zhou, L., & Lei, L. (2021). Using Shattered As-sumption Theory to Understand How Cyberbully-ing Victimization is Linked With Perceived Control Among Chinese College Students. Journal of Inter-personal Vio-lence. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211042572
Watts, L.K., Wagner, J., Velasquez, B., & Behrens, P.I. (2017). Cyberbullying in higher education: A liter-ature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.038
Webber, M. A., & Ovedovitz, A. C. (2018). Cyberbullying among college students: A look at its prevalence at a U.S. Catholic University. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 4(2), 101-107. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.4.2.101
Zhong J, Zheng Y, Huang X, Mo D, Gong J, Li M and Huang J. (2021). Study of the Influencing Factors of Cyberbullying Among Chinese College Students Incorporated With Digital Citizenship: From the Perspective of Individual Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 621418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621418
Zhou, Y., Zheng, W. & Gao, X. (2019). The relationship between the big five and cyberbullying among col-lege students: the mediating effect of moral disen-gagement. Current Psychology, 38, 1162–1173 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0005-6