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Dec 13, 2022
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Abstract
Using a quantitative approach, this study investigated the impacts of debate on students’ speaking skills in English-language classes at the English Department, Herat University, Afghanistan. The study participants were 44 sophomore students (28 girls and 16 boys). To understand participants’ speaking levels, researchers had a pre-test followed by a six-week treatment of having debates in the speaking class. For measuring the impacts of debate, a speaking post-test was taken. To investigate the impacts of debate on students’ speaking skills the researchers created an online questionnaire form and the link was shared with students in speaking classes. The questionnaire enriched this study with essential information after the treatment. The data were analyzed through SPSS 25. A paired sample t-test was used to measure the degree to which students’ speaking skills developed throughout the six-week debate program, and students’ responses to the online questionnaire were analyzed by calculating the percentage of each item. The results of the present study indicate that debate had a positive impact and enhanced students’ speaking skills. The participants also reflected that debate had improved their critical thinking, helped them practice new language skills and arguments, developed collaboration, and decreased their speaking anxiety while having fun.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Noor, S., & Tajik, O. (2022). Empowering Speaking Skill through Debate: The Case of Afghan EFL Learners at Herat University. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 3(12), 2631-2640. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.12.16
References
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Creswell. J.W. & Creswell, J.D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Ap-proaches. 4th Edition, Sage, Newbury Park.
El Majidi, A., de Graaff, R., & Janssen, D. (2018). Students’ perceived effect of in-class debates in second lan-guage learning. The European Journal of Applied Linguistics and TEFL, 7 (1), 35–56. https://www.proquest.com/openview/878b74e89954820b9f0031790154b29a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4565088
Firmansyah, D., & Vegian, E. E. V. (2019). Improving the students’ speaking skill through debate technique. PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Educa-tion), 2(6), 891-895. DOI: 10.22460/project.v2i6.p891-895
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Gurler, I. (2015). Correlation between self-confidence and speaking skill of English language teaching and English language and literature preparatory students. Curr Res Soc Sci, 1(2), 14-19. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/49980
Hughes, R., & Reed, B. S. (2016). Teaching and research-ing speaking. Routledge.
Iman, J. N. (2017). Debate Instruction in EFL Classroom: Impacts on the Critical Thinking and Speaking Skill. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 87-108. DOI: 10.12973/iji.2017.1046a
Jagger, S. (2013). Affective learning and the classroom debate. Innovations in Education and Teaching In-ternational, 50(1), 38-50. DOI: 10.1080/14703297.2012.746515
Kalanzadeh, G. A., Mahnegar, F., Hassannejad, E., & Bakhtiarvand, M. (2013). The influence of EFL students’ self-esteem on their speaking skills. The International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World, 2(2), 77-84. https://www.academia.edu/11415184/THE_INFLUENCE_OF_EFL_STUDENTS_SELF_ESTEEM_ON_THEIR_SPEAKING_SKILLS
Khan, R. M. I., Kumar, T., Supriyatno, T., & Nukapangu, V. (2021). The phenomenon of Arabic-English trans-lation of foreign language classes during the pan-demic. Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning, 4(3). DOI: 10.18860/IJAZARABI.V413.13597
Laal, M., & Ghodsi, S. M. (2012). Benefits of collaborative learning. Procardia-social and behavioral sciences, 31, 486-490. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.091
Liao, S. (2009). Notes on the homotopy analysis method: some definitions and theorems. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14(4), 983-997. DOI: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2008.04.013
Lustigova, L. (2011). Speak your mind: Simplified de-bates as a learning tool at the university level. Journal of Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 4, 18–30. https://www.eriesjournal.com/index.php/eries/article/view/30/30
Malloy, J.A., Tracy, K.N., Scales, R.Q., Menickelli, K., & Scales, W.D. (2020). It’s not about being right: De-veloping argument through debate. Journal of Lit-eracy Research, 52(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X19896495
Malone, Y., & Michael, T. (2018). Collaborative learning and critical thinking skills: Effects of a debate-based pedagogy. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 10(1), 61-69. DOI: 10.18844/ijlt.v10i1.3146
Musfirah, M. (2017). The effectiveness of debate method to improve students’ speaking skill didactic. Jour-nal of English Teaching, Literature, and Applied Linguistics. 11(2), 210-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/jetlal.v2i2.623
Nainggolan, M. P. (2017). Improving students’ speaking skill through debate technique at smk swasta dharma bakti medan. Kairos1 (2). https://doi.org/10.54367/kairos.v1i2.502
O’Mahoney, A. (2015). The ancient art of ‘debating’ and its usefulness in the foreign language
classroom: The case of the French debating association. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 3, 144–151.
Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning moti-vation: Expanding the theoretical framework. The modern language journal, 78(1), 12-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/329249
Rahman, M. S. (2020). The advantages and disad-vantages of using qualitative and quantitative ap-proaches and methods in language “testing and assessment” research: A literature review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6 (1). 102-112. DOI:10.5539/jel.v6n1p102
Ramlan, F. A., Kassim, N. M., Pakirisamy, S., & Selva-kumar, V. (2016). The Impact of Debates as a Teaching Strategy in the Classroom to Medical Students. E-Academia Journal, 5(2). https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/JeA/article/view/1445/89
Rao, P. S. (2019). The importance of speaking skills in English classrooms. Alford Council of International English & Literature Journal (ACIELJ), 2(2), 6-18. https://www.acielj.com/Papers/vol2issue2/1.ACIELJ%20-Srinu%20sir%20(1-12)%20OK.pdf
Rubiati, R. (2011). Improving Students’ Speaking Skill Through Debate Technique [Master Thesis, Eng-lish Language Teaching Department Faculty of Tarbiyah Walisongo State Institute for Islamic Studies 2010]. http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/3414/1/63411083_Coverdll.pdf
Yang, C. H., & Rusli, E. (2012). Using debate as a peda-gogical tool in enhancing pre-service teachers learning and critical thinking. Journal of Interna-tional Education Research (JIER), 8(2), 135-144. DOI: 10.19030/jier.v8i2.6833
Zare, P., & Othman, M. (2015). Students’ perceptions toward using classroom debate to develop critical thinking and oral communication ability. Asian So-cial Science, 11(9), 158-170. DOI: 10.5539/ass.v11n9p158
Al-Mahrooqi, R., & Tabakow, M. (2015). Effectiveness of debate in ESL/EFL context courses in the Arabian gulf: A comparison of two recent student-centered studies in Oman and in Dubai, UAE. In Proceedings of the Second 21st Century Academic Forum Con-ference on Teaching, Learning, and Research in the “Just Google It” Age (pp. 417–428). Harvard University, USA.
Brown, Z. (2015). The use of in-class debates as a teach-ing strategy in increasing students’ critical think-ing and collaborative learning skills in higher edu-cation. Educationalfutures, 7 (1). 39-55. https://wlv.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/2436/621883/BrownBESAarticle.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Cinganotto, L. (2019). Debate as a teaching strategy for language learning. Lingue e Linguaggi, 30, 107–125. DOI: 10.1285/i22390359v30p107
Creswell. J.W. & Creswell, J.D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Ap-proaches. 4th Edition, Sage, Newbury Park.
El Majidi, A., de Graaff, R., & Janssen, D. (2018). Students’ perceived effect of in-class debates in second lan-guage learning. The European Journal of Applied Linguistics and TEFL, 7 (1), 35–56. https://www.proquest.com/openview/878b74e89954820b9f0031790154b29a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4565088
Firmansyah, D., & Vegian, E. E. V. (2019). Improving the students’ speaking skill through debate technique. PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Educa-tion), 2(6), 891-895. DOI: 10.22460/project.v2i6.p891-895
Gatbonton, E., & Segalowitz, N. (2005). Rethinking com-municative language teaching: A focus on access to fluency. Canadian Modern Language Review, 61(3), 325–353. DOI: 10.1353/cml.2005.0016
Gurler, I. (2015). Correlation between self-confidence and speaking skill of English language teaching and English language and literature preparatory students. Curr Res Soc Sci, 1(2), 14-19. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/49980
Hughes, R., & Reed, B. S. (2016). Teaching and research-ing speaking. Routledge.
Iman, J. N. (2017). Debate Instruction in EFL Classroom: Impacts on the Critical Thinking and Speaking Skill. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 87-108. DOI: 10.12973/iji.2017.1046a
Jagger, S. (2013). Affective learning and the classroom debate. Innovations in Education and Teaching In-ternational, 50(1), 38-50. DOI: 10.1080/14703297.2012.746515
Kalanzadeh, G. A., Mahnegar, F., Hassannejad, E., & Bakhtiarvand, M. (2013). The influence of EFL students’ self-esteem on their speaking skills. The International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World, 2(2), 77-84. https://www.academia.edu/11415184/THE_INFLUENCE_OF_EFL_STUDENTS_SELF_ESTEEM_ON_THEIR_SPEAKING_SKILLS
Khan, R. M. I., Kumar, T., Supriyatno, T., & Nukapangu, V. (2021). The phenomenon of Arabic-English trans-lation of foreign language classes during the pan-demic. Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning, 4(3). DOI: 10.18860/IJAZARABI.V413.13597
Laal, M., & Ghodsi, S. M. (2012). Benefits of collaborative learning. Procardia-social and behavioral sciences, 31, 486-490. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.091
Liao, S. (2009). Notes on the homotopy analysis method: some definitions and theorems. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14(4), 983-997. DOI: 10.1016/j.cnsns.2008.04.013
Lustigova, L. (2011). Speak your mind: Simplified de-bates as a learning tool at the university level. Journal of Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 4, 18–30. https://www.eriesjournal.com/index.php/eries/article/view/30/30
Malloy, J.A., Tracy, K.N., Scales, R.Q., Menickelli, K., & Scales, W.D. (2020). It’s not about being right: De-veloping argument through debate. Journal of Lit-eracy Research, 52(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X19896495
Malone, Y., & Michael, T. (2018). Collaborative learning and critical thinking skills: Effects of a debate-based pedagogy. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 10(1), 61-69. DOI: 10.18844/ijlt.v10i1.3146
Musfirah, M. (2017). The effectiveness of debate method to improve students’ speaking skill didactic. Jour-nal of English Teaching, Literature, and Applied Linguistics. 11(2), 210-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/jetlal.v2i2.623
Nainggolan, M. P. (2017). Improving students’ speaking skill through debate technique at smk swasta dharma bakti medan. Kairos1 (2). https://doi.org/10.54367/kairos.v1i2.502
O’Mahoney, A. (2015). The ancient art of ‘debating’ and its usefulness in the foreign language
classroom: The case of the French debating association. Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 3, 144–151.
Oxford, R., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning moti-vation: Expanding the theoretical framework. The modern language journal, 78(1), 12-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/329249
Rahman, M. S. (2020). The advantages and disad-vantages of using qualitative and quantitative ap-proaches and methods in language “testing and assessment” research: A literature review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6 (1). 102-112. DOI:10.5539/jel.v6n1p102
Ramlan, F. A., Kassim, N. M., Pakirisamy, S., & Selva-kumar, V. (2016). The Impact of Debates as a Teaching Strategy in the Classroom to Medical Students. E-Academia Journal, 5(2). https://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/JeA/article/view/1445/89
Rao, P. S. (2019). The importance of speaking skills in English classrooms. Alford Council of International English & Literature Journal (ACIELJ), 2(2), 6-18. https://www.acielj.com/Papers/vol2issue2/1.ACIELJ%20-Srinu%20sir%20(1-12)%20OK.pdf
Rubiati, R. (2011). Improving Students’ Speaking Skill Through Debate Technique [Master Thesis, Eng-lish Language Teaching Department Faculty of Tarbiyah Walisongo State Institute for Islamic Studies 2010]. http://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/3414/1/63411083_Coverdll.pdf
Yang, C. H., & Rusli, E. (2012). Using debate as a peda-gogical tool in enhancing pre-service teachers learning and critical thinking. Journal of Interna-tional Education Research (JIER), 8(2), 135-144. DOI: 10.19030/jier.v8i2.6833
Zare, P., & Othman, M. (2015). Students’ perceptions toward using classroom debate to develop critical thinking and oral communication ability. Asian So-cial Science, 11(9), 158-170. DOI: 10.5539/ass.v11n9p158