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May 23, 2025
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Abstract
The Philippines currently is nestled in its demographic golden age with more Filipinos who are part of the productive working force. With the growing population of the island nation, the expectations of a workforce-centric growth model are expected. It is however still in question if the Philippines can tap into this critical resource in its skill development and quality through its transition to K-12 education standard. With its economy highly reliant on dollar remittances abroad from its abundant overseas workforce, the urgency to maximize its economic value by producing a highly capable and skilled population is highlighted to ensure sustainable growth. To analyze this, innovation policy is studied from the initial years of the K-12 implementation phase to the post-pandemic recovery years of 2020-2022. It will look into the various updates in the education roadmap and how it had an impact on inequality in a post-pandemic recovery.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Delos Santos, D. L. S. (2025). Balancing Progress to Equity: The Philippines’ K-12 Education Digitaliza-tion Transition During Post-Pandemic Recovery. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 6(5), 2424-2442. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.06.05.25
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Calderon M. (2014). A Critique of K-12 Philip-pine Education System. International Journal of Education and Research. Re-trieved from: https://www.ijern.com/journal/2014/October-2014/42.pdf
Congressional Policy and Budget Research Department – House of Representatives (2024). Philippines’ Performance in the 2018 and 2022 PISA. Retrieved from: https://cpbrd.congress.gov.ph/images/PDF%20Attachments/Facts%20in%20Figures/FF2024-11_Philippines_Perf_in_the_2018_and_2021_PISA.pdf
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Department of Education (2022). Historical Number of Teachers. Retrieved from: https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/4-Data-Bits-Public-School-Teachers-Apr.pdf
Department of Education (2022). Historical Number of Schools by Level of Education. Retrieved from: https://www.deped.gov.ph/alternative-learning-system/resources/facts-and-figures/datasets/
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Kemp, R; Loorbach, D. (2003). Governance for sustainability through transition man-agement (PDF). IHDP-conference.
Llego M. (2022), DepEd Learning Delivery Modalities for School Year 2021-2022. Retrieved from: https://www.teacherph.com/deped-learning-delivery-modalities/#Distance_Learning
Llego M. (n.d.). Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda. TeacherPH. Retrieved from https://www.teacherph.com/besra/
Loorbach, D. (2007). Transition Management: New mode of governance for sustainable development. Utrecht, Netherlands: In-ternational Books.
Lumanog, J. (2019). The Philippine Context of Public Policy and Policymaking. Re-trieved November 25, 2022 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332864241_The_Philippine_Context_of_Public_Policy_and_Po licy-Making
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Mirasol, J., Necosia, J., Bicar, B., Garcia, H. (2021). Statutory policy analysis on ac-cess to Philippine Quality Basic Educa-tion. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti-cle/pii/S2666374021000637#tbl0001
Montemayor M. & Bacelonia W. (2024). CHED Directs SUCs, LUCs to Handle K-12 Tran-sition Program. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from: https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1216314
Molomoka, D; Mwanza, G.; Mabenga, M.; Muvumbo, M.; Matimba, M.; Ng’uni, P.; & Banda, F. (2019). Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches to school manage-ment: Lessons from Primary Schools in Chadiza District, Eastern Province, Zam-bia. Texila International Journal of Aca-demic Research, 6(2), pages? https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJAR.2014.06.02.Art003
Müller, L. M. (2023). The Involved Networker: Agency by the ASEAN Secretariat in the ASEAN Economic Community. In the Shadow of the Member States: Policy-Making Agency by the ASEAN Secretariat and Dialogue Partners (pp. 77-101). Sin-gapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19- 9386-2_3
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2022). PISA 2022. Re-trieved from: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i-and-ii-country-notes_ed6fbcc5-en/philippines_a0882a2d-en.html
Oxford Business Group (n.d.). The Philippine Government Works to Implement its K-12 Programme While Raising Educational Standards”. Retrieved from: https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/philippines/2015-report/economy/the-philippine-government-works-to-implement-its-k-12-programme-while-raising-educational-standards
Pillay, H. & Panth, B. (2022). Foundational (K-12) Education System: Navigating 21st Century Challenges. Retrieved from: https://www.adb.org/publications/foundational-k12-education-system
Philippine Senate Economic Planning Office (2022), COVID-19 School Closures: Les-sons from Disrupted Learning. Retrieved from https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/SEPO%20Policy%20Brief_School%20Closure_final.pdf
Philippine Star (2020). Group Slams ‘Mislead-ing’ Data by DepEd on Preparedness for Online Learning. Retrieved from: https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/08/26/2038029/group-slams-misleading-data-deped-preparedness-online-learning
Philippine Statistics Authority (2017). Em-ployment Situation in October 2016 – Fi-nal Results. Retrieved from: https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment-situation-october-2016-final-results
Rappler (2023). Aquino Signs K-12 Bill Into Law. Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/philippines/29249-aquino-signs-k-12-bill-into-law/
Reyes, V. (2010). The Philippine Department of Education: Challenges of policy im-plementation amidst corruption. Asia Pa-cific Journal of Education, 30(4), 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2010.51969
Reyes, V. (2016). Dysfunctional bureaucracy, corruption and weak rule of law: A case study of policy implementation in the Philippines. In J. Quah (Ed.), The role of the public bureaucracy in policy imple-mentation in five ASEAN countries (pp. 233–296). Cambridge University Press.
Rotmans, J, Kemp, R., Marjolein van Asselt, Geels. F, Verbong. G, and Molendijk K, (2000) Transities & Transitiemanage-ment. De casus van een emissiearme en-ergievoorziening. Final report of study “Transitions and Transition management” for the 4th National Environmental Policy Plan (NMP-4) of the Netherlands, October 2000, ICIS & MERIT, Maastricht.
Speedtest. (n.d.). Speedtest global index. Re-trieved from https://www.speedtest.net/global-index
Takagi, Y. (2021). Policy Making after Revolu-tion: The Faces of Local Transformation of the Philippines.
Southeast Asian Studies, 10(2), 199-221. Re-trieved From https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seas/10/2/10_199/_Pdf
United Nations Development Program (2022). Human Development Reports: The Phil-ippines. Retrieved from: https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/PHL
World Bank (n.d.) Literacy Rate, Adult Total (% of People Ages 15 and Above). Re-trieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?end=2023&locations=Z4-PH&name_desc=false&start=1976&view=chart
World Commission on Environment and De-velopment (1987), Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford.